Advanced Materials Research Vols. 113-116

Abstract: Contamination of unfrozen water in frozen soil could have adverse effects on surrounding infrastructure such as foundation instability or deterioration of trafficability. This paper describes the results of the experimental examination of the physical properties and mechanical behavior of Na2SO4 contaminated soil. Initial freezing temperature test, unfrozen water content test and unconfined compression tests were conducted on silts with 3 levels of concentrations (6, 18 and 42 ppt) of Na2SO4 and nonsaline cases at temperatures ranging between 0°C and -20°C. The test results indicate that the presence of salt significantly affect the physical properties and mechanical behavior of the frozen soil. Contamination of soils will cause depression of freezing temperature and degradation of permafrost. The freezing temperature depression ratio of Na2SO4 contaminated soil is 0.028°C/ppt. The unfrozen water content increases with an increase in salinity and temperature. The strength decreases with an increase in salinity, and the strength loss ratio of Na2SO4 contaminated soil is among 0.02-0.04MPa/ppt. Combined the effect of salinity and temperature on the strength, the decrease in strength with increase in unfrozen water content follows an exponential relationship. So estimation of salt concentration in the soil, and predictions of future increases of salt in the soil, is essential for design of buildings and roadways in permafrost.

Abstract: Five novel deep eutectic ionic liquids were prepared from relatively simple quaternary ammonium salts and imidazole. All of these salts are liquids at room temperature, and are steady up to 150°C. They exhibit low viscosities and moderate conductivities at low temperature. Especially, Bu4NCl-IM is a green alternative solvent in Sonogashira reaction with good catalytic activity.

Abstract: In order to obtain high molecular weight polyacrylamide coagulant, preparation of the initial reaction temperature, dose of the azo initiator agent, ratio of different redox initiator agent, pH and other affecting factors were investigated and the results show: the best initial reaction temperature is 15 °C, the mass of azo initiator is 0.4g, the ratio of redox initiator is 3:2, in which oxidant ammonium persulfate is 0.75840 g/L 0.6mL, the best pH value is 8. By taking the best value of all factors, we can get polyacrylamide coagulant of 1.315 million viscosity molecular weight materials and 76.7 % effective solids after 2 drying processes.

Abstract: Environmental performance evaluation is a multi-attribute evaluation problem. The determination of indicators’ weight is the key problem in the multi-attributes evaluation. This paper set up an evaluation model based on multi-attribute variable coefficients and fuzzy pattern recognition aimed at a thermal power plant. The model gives full play to the advantages of the subjective and the objective coefficients and enables itself to alter the coefficients in accordance with the specific indicator values of evaluated objects, hence, bringing the function of performance evaluation into full play.

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigated the effect of addition ammonia which concentration is 20 percent modified urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin on the formald-ehyde emission and internal bonding strength, when hotpress temperature, time and pressure for every plywood was coincide.To determine and compare the effect of ammonia content 0, 2.5, 5 percent by weight of formaldehyde were used. To determine the level of formaldehyde emission, we used the desiccator method. The formaldehyde emissions from poplar multi-plywoods were significantly decreased with increased additions of ammonia, at a ammonia ratio of only 2.5%, the formaldehyde emission level of the un-coated samples which is seven-ply plywood can meet the F☆☆☆ grade, and also the samples with 2.5% ammonia modified resin hot-pressed showed good bonding strength.

Abstract: In this study, a survey for the spatial distribution of heavy metals in Shouguang reed wetland of China was conducted. Samples were collected from water and soil in two parts of the wetland: treatment wetland and natural wetland. The elements including K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, As, Cr, Pb, Zn, Mn, Hg were analyzed. The changes of their contents along the flow direction were investigated and the contents in treatment wetland and natural wetland were compared. The data indicates that the contents of nutrient and heavy metals decrease along the flow direction. The soil in Shouguang is saline-alkali. The nutrient elements are enriched, while the heavy metals are in low concentrations. The content of the nutrient and heavy metal in treatment wetland is higher than that in natural wetland. The removal rate of the element is Fe(68.6%), Al(45.8%), K(44.7%), Na (25.7%), Ca(23.1%), Mg(22.8%), Pb(90.45%), Zn (87.83%), Cd(71.16%), Mn(56.75%), Cr(40%). The Hg and Cd are undetected. Contents of As, Cr, Pb ,Zn and Mn in soil are highest in top layer. With the depth increasing, the concentration of heavy metal decreases.

Abstract: Lactic acid (LA) production from food waste (FW) is a novel recycling method for organic solid waste. In this study, 35.12g/L LA produced from non-autoclaved FW by Lactobacillus bulgaricus, with a volumetric productivity of 0.98g/(L•h). The kinetic model of lactic acid formation in the FW fermentation at 45 0C and pH 5.5-6.0 was established. A nonlinear parameter estimation procedure was used to obtain optimal kinetic model parameters.

Abstract: Using the theories of fuzzy mathematics and urban ecology, a basic evaluation model of urban ecosystem is established and the evaluative index set was build. According to the latest 5 years statistic of Changsha city, the values of ecological environmental index are calculated, then the situation of ecological environment of this city are analyzed. The results show its ecological conditions showed a rising trend year by year. At last, Evaluative conclusion proved that above model is of higher reliability.

Abstract: The development of integrated watershed management has become an important issue among the most urgent priorities. For a well developed watershed management system, it is crucial to generalize the information from policy drivers as well as natural and social scientists. Our work mainly focuses on development of watershed management strategies in framework of multidiscipline and multi-stakeholder decision making process. In order to integrate information at multiple levels of applied process, the adaptive approaches are particularly studied. Some important integration strategies for watershed management are further discussed in the last part. Based on the available projects, it can be concluded that a well enhanced integration of watershed management will obtain remarkable economic, social and ecological benefits.

Abstract: This paper, based on the forest map of Mao’er Mountain in 1983 and forest inventory sub-compartment database of Mao’er Mountain in 2004, and with the support of geographical information system (GIS), presents the results of study of forest resource change in the periods, which reflected the change of forest type spatial distribution. Furthermore, this study focuses on the construction and present situation of dynamic forest resource by overlaying the forest resource distribution with DEM in which the vectorization of topographical maps was made by using the vector data for creating the digital elevation model (DEM). The results demonstrate that the area of study region decreased to 216 hm2; and the area of open forest land, new afforestation, non-standing forest, farmland and wetland were decreased; the area of forest land, rivers and lakes, agricultural land and the road land are increasing. Meanwhile, it also indicts that the construction of forest resources was not reasonable, in which the proportions of midlife and near-mature forest are larger, the stocks of midlife and near-mature forest increases, and the stock of mature forest decreased greatly. Finally, the study focuses on the forest resource spatial distribution by overlay analysis combined DEM with forest resources construction, which aimed to adjust the current unreasonable situation for the sustainable management of forest resources in the future.