Advanced Materials Research Vols. 264-265

Abstract: This paper presents the finite element analysis of tubular expansion in oval bore holes such as those frequently observed in Upper Natih reservoirs. The minimum inner diameter of the expanded tubular must be larger than the drift diameter set by American Petroleum Institute (API) standards. If the minimum inner diameter is smaller than drift diameter, completion equipments can not be run successfully, which is necessary to complete an oil-well for production. The phenomenon of tubular ovality has been previously unknown to petroleum industry. Finite element model of tubular expansion in oval bore-holes is developed to determine the tubular ovality and compared with measured ovality. It was found that ovality increases linearly with tubular expansion ratio. With increase in expansion ratio, the tubular contact length with formation and developed contact pressure increases. Tubular ovality, if not considered in well design, may lead to premature tubular failure due to lower collapse rating and higher stresses.

Abstract: More and more solder joints in circuit boards and electronic products are changing to lead free solder, placing an emphasis on lead free solder joint reliability. Solder joint fatigue failure is a serious reliability concern in area array technologies. In this study, the effects of substrate materials on the solder joint thermal fatigue life were investigated by finite element model. Accelerated temperature cycling loading was imposed to evaluate the reliability of solder joints. The thermal strain/stress in solder joints of flip chip assemblies with different substrates was compared, and the fatigue life of solder joints were evaluated by Darveaux’s crack initiation and growth model. The results show the mechanisms of substrate flexibility on improving solder joint thermal fatigue.

Abstract: The activities of companies are executed according to the integration of multiple internal and external tensions in different communities and various branches of industry. In this context, innovations seem necessary to remain effective and to adapt itself to the constant evolutions of the markets. Sustainable development can be an opportunity to throw policy of innovation and place the sustainable development in the heart of strategic reflection of the company. Therefore, it constitutes an indispensable asset to strengthen the dialogue and the opening on the word in which we evolve. The integration of the idea of durability in the food processing industry by the implementation of a common system of management of the risks according to the food codex and by means of the method HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control points) aims at ensuring a better quality of life through the implementation of actions centered on health, by the control of the food chains. Our contribution, which becomes integrated into context, consists in bringing to light the factor health as a pillar into interface with the other themes to know the social, the economy and the environment.

Abstract: Reverse engineering often involves taking something apart and analyzing its workings in detail to be used in maintenance or to try to make a new product or component that does the same thing without copying anything from the original. In order to understand the existing design, materials and manufacturing process of a motorcycle chain and also for the future direction in new materials with new design, a comprehensive study on the reverse engineering is essential. Therefore, in this paper, a systematic study on a motorcycle chain reverse engineering is performed. The two types of motorcycle chains (Chain A and Chain B) were destructed and investigated using the metallurgical microscope and hardness tester for microstructural and microhardness examination purposes respectively. It was found that the Chain A showed tempered martensite structure (in the case) with higher hardness value compared to Chain B. The cost analysis of the new proposed motorcycle chain is also given in this paper.

Abstract: A simple and less expensive solvent extraction method was used with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the speciation of two environmentally significant, toxic forms of arsenic: arsenite and arsenate. Dissolved inorganic arsenic species in drinking waters from reservoirs and treatment plants were determined by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses. Prior to the analysis the water samples were precocentrated by solvent extraction using APCDT to separate the arsenic species from elemental interferences. The detection limit of this method achieved was 0.059 gL-1. The suitability of the technique in this work is discussed in relation to risk assessment studies of public health.

Abstract: Mercury concentrations and speciation were determined in surface water samples taken from rivers in the vicinity of industrial area, in Johore Malaysia. Samples were collected from the same sites before and immediately after rainfall. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of seasonal change in river water on the concentration of mercury (Hg) species. Trace concentrations of mercury in water samples were determined by a method involving a simple and rapid procedure involving the flow-injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (FI-ICP-MS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) techniques. Mercury vapor, generated by sodium borohydride as the reductant, was stabilized by potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), then released by controlled heating and detected by FI-ICP-MS. Methyl mercury (II) was preconcentrated using the ammonium pyrolidindithiocarbamate (APDTC)-chloroform extraction procedure and the chloroform extract was introduced into the graphite tube. The absolute detection limits were found to be 0.204 μg L-1 and 0.273 μg L-1 for total mercury and methyl mercury respectively, with thevariability being lower than 5% relative standard deviation (RSD) at the 5 μg L-1 level. Because of the high stability of MeHg (II)-APDTC complexes, it is possible to evaporate the extract in order to obtain a crystalline powder to be dissolved with a few micro liters of chloroform enacting MeHg (II) and Hg (II) can be detected at sub-nanogram levels.

Abstract: In the context of sustainable development, this paper presents a methodologie for an economic and environmental evaluation within a cementry by applying life cycle analysis (LCA) method. We have to sum up the impacts and make a constat of economical activities which spread up on environment. The constant degradation of environment and many environmental desasters have given to the environment theme an increasing importance. The economic grawth represents a danger from the point of view of ressources (soil-water-energy), of pollution, and over exploitation of natural systems have became a new research theme. It is determinant to know if this methodology can in suffisant manner, concretises and be adapted to pratical application(s) for this, the integration of a demarch , or a tool which undergoing this analysis, in order of obtaining results which can be interpretated. The LCA built a precise diagnosis of development methods of a technology or a product and suggests mecanisms and measures of sustainable development which will move forward the entreprise.

Abstract: Conventional diamond cutting of ferrous materials is rarely economical due to the rapid tool wears which result from diffusion and graphitization of the tools. Conventional machining of hard-brittle materials like silicon and germanium results in surface and subsurface damage due to their brittle fracture. Although ductile mode machining (DMM) concept can be used to have a flawless machining on these materials but the mirror surfaces can only be realized on expensive ultraprecision machine tools because the critical depth of cut must be on the order of 1μm or less. Furthermore, there is a need to eliminate or reduce the use of cutting fluids during machining due to their attendant ecological hazards. However, grinding is one of the most difficult processes with regard to eliminating cutting fluids. Vibration assisted machining (VAM) can be used to minimize the problems enumerated above. VAM combines precision machining with small-amplitude tool vibration to improve the fabrication process. It has been applied to a number of processes ranging from turning, drilling to grinding. Therefore, this paper discusses DMM, the general overview of VAM, the basic kinematics of one-dimensional VAM; the advantages derived from using VAM and the ability of VAM to machine brittle materials in the ductile regime at increased depth of cut are described. Finally, the research directions in VAM are outlined.

Abstract: Manufacturing of moulds and dies based on the rigid and traditional arrangement of dedicated workstations in a production system can no more stand the test of time. The dynamic and competitive nature of the market is compelling managements in the industry to look for a manufacturing system that (1) will ensure high quality product, (2) will pave way for a quick changeover to a new setup to be able to accommodate the new products, (3) will ensures short lead times in product/process changeover, and (4) that will make its product come out at a relatively low cost. An emerging strategy that might enable industries to cope with the rapidly changing product specifications is based on reconfiguring the manufacturing systems. A manufacturing strategy that is based on reconfiguration of the manufacturing systems may help accommodate emergent product changes in short periods at the lowest possible costs by combining certain levels of flexibility and customised automation. In this paper the principles of reconfigurability is being considered for mould and die making industry.

Abstract: This paper introduces a method for evaluating material and product quality. The method is developed based on the normal distribution. For quantitative variable, the method divides the tolerance zones to 3 parts according to normal distribution ±3𝜎 and assigns different scores to tolerance region. For qualitative variables, the method take decision base on the fact that the measurement result can be occurred on two states as accept or reject. Therefore, a Level of Quality (LOQ) will be measured for the product quality based on the measurement of different samples of lot by quantitative and qualitative variables. The method is validated by a numerical example included 2 dimensions.