Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 51

Abstract: Direct pulp capping (DPC) is one of the treatment plans for deep caries with mechanical pulp exposure that can replace invasive treatments. This study aimed to assess the apatite-forming ability and solubility of a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) modified with bioactive glass (BG) as a potential bioactive material for DPC.Three different biomaterials including CPC, BG, and CPC/BG composite were used in this study. For bioactivity evaluation, specimens were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 5 time periods (3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days). The samples were analyzed by SEM, EDS and XRD to confirm the formation of hydroxyapatite. The solubility was calculated by measuring the initial and final mass according to the ISO 6876 specifications.According to the results of this study, SEM observations and XRD analysis revealed higher formation of hydroxyapatite crystals in the CPC/BG Group and also at the shorter time than those in the CPC and BG groups. Concerning solubility, the CPC group showed the most solubility after 7 days and the BG group showed the lowest one. At this time the difference between CPC and BG groups was statistically meaningful (p value=0.003). After 30 days the CPC/BG group exhibited the lowest solubility value. At the day 30, the CPC and BG groups showed significant difference in their solubility (p value=0.04).).Based on the results, addition of BG to CPC improved bioactivity properties of CPC material and did not affect its solubility adversely. The CPC/BG composite seems to be a promising material for DPC. Further in vivo studies are needed to prove its clinical success.

Abstract: High mortality rate couple with the economic effect of deadly Plasmodium falciparum caused by malaria necessitated this study. Evaluation of bioactive constituents and antimalarial properties of the aqueous-methanolic extract of Asclepias syriaca (A. syriaca) was investigated. Bioactive constituents were determined by GC-MS analytical detector. Albino rats were five in each group of six groups (A-E) in which group A was non-infected with P. falciparum (negative control). Groups B, C, D, E were infected with 1×10⁷/ml P. falciparum without treated, treated with standard drugs of 20mg of chloroquine/kg, 100, 200 and 400mg of extracted A. syriaca/kg, respectively. Hematological and biochemical parameters of Plasmodium falciparum infected albino rats were determined. Aqueous-methanolic extract of A. syriaca leaf made up of high content of pyrimidine, quinolone and silane derivatives with synergetic properties with potency for therapeutic of malarial and viral infectious diseases. MCV, PLA, RBC, total protein and albumin were significantly elevated upon infected P. falciparum and gradually increases with dosage and time when treated with chloroquine and A.syriaca leaf extract but vice visa for the case WBC and creatinine. Parasitemia level significantly declined when administered with chloroquine and A, syriaca leaf extract for 36 hours. Hence serves as an effective medication in place of chloroquine due to its availability, avoidable and as a source of relevant medications to Plasmodium spp and viral infectious diseases.

Abstract: Titanium is the most broadly employed implant material for the load bearing dental and the orthopedic uses due to its brilliant biological and mechanical characteristics. The aim of the present study is to assay the biological behavior of pure Titanium coated with a bioactive glass coating made by pulsed laser deposition. The coating characteristic and the biological behavior of coated specimens were assessed and compared with uncoated specimens. In vitro biological behavior including bioactivity, biocompatibility and antibacterial property was evaluated. The bioactivity of the specimens was assayed by immersion in a simulated body fluid for various times (7 and 14) days. Biocompatibility was assessed by MTT assay of L929 mouse fibroblast cells after 1, 3 and 5 days. Also, the antibacterial property was evaluated against S. aures by optical density method. The obtained results revealed that the pulsed laser deposited bioactive glass coating significantly improved the potential of Titanium for dental and orthopedic applications.

Abstract: The hip is one in every of the various joint at intervals the body. The correct operating of this joint is essential. For the aim once the hip is injured whole, a substitution procedure of the entire joint ought to be done to reinstate its operating, that is known as absolute hip surgical process. It is finished with the assistance of inserts of various biomaterials, as an example, polymers, metals, and pottery. The primary issues with regard to the utilization of various biomaterials are the reaction of the body's instrument to wear trash. Throughout this audit, biomaterials that are developing is talked regarding aboard the wear and tear and tear conduct and instrument. To boot, the numerous properties of the biomaterials are talked regarding aboard the expected preferences and drawbacks of their utilization. Further, the blends of various biomaterials at intervals the articulating surfaces are cleft and so the problems regarding their utilization are assessed. This paper hopes to passes away an in depth review of the trauma fringe of bearing surfaces of hip prosthetic devices. Additionally, this paper can offer AN ordered blueprint of the materials nearby their favorable circumstances and detriments and besides the conceivable outcomes of use. Keywords: - Hip implant; Biomaterials; Wear mechanism; Bearing surfaces; Polymers

Abstract: Today, an artificial tooth root called a dental implant is used to replace lost tooth function. Treatment with dental implants is considered an effective and safe method. However, in some cases, the use of dental implants had some failures. The success of dental implants is influenced by several biomechanical factors such as loading type, used material properties, shape and geometry of implants, quality and quantity of bone around implants, surgical method, lack of rapid and proper implant surface's integration with the jaw bone, etc. The main purpose of functional design is to investigate and control the stress distribution on dental implants to optimize their performance. Finite element analysis allows researchers to predict the stress distribution in the bone implant without the risk and cost of implant placement. In this study, the stresses created in the 3A.P.H.5 dental implant's titanium fixture and screw due to the change in abutment angles tolerance have been investigated. The results show that although the fixture and the screw's load and conditions are the same in different cases, the change of the abutment angle and the change in the stress amount also made a difference in the location of maximum stress. The 21-degree abutment puts the fixture in a more critical condition and increases the chance of early plasticization compared to other states. The results also showed that increasing the abutment angle to 24 degrees reduces the stress in the screw, but decreasing the angle to 21 degrees leads to increased screw stress and brings it closer to the fracture.

Abstract: In this study, the nonlinear dynamic analysis of the motion and control of the lower limb exoskeleton using differential transform method is presented. Devices for medical processes are continuously undergoing improvement such as enhancing and assisting automatic therapies with flexible and configurable programs for treating people with partial disability in lower limbs as applied in lower-limb exoskeleton. The configurable programs in this exoskeleton can be applied to observe and control the motion of the exoskeleton for effective physiotherapy and reduced rehabilitation time for patients with such disability. Hence, a two degree of freedom nonlinear dynamic model for the motion and control of the lower limb exoskeletons was developed for two links. The nonlinear dynamic models are solved by applying the differential transform method (DTM) and verified with the forth order Runge-Kutta numerical method (RK4). The effects of the applied torque on the two links are investigated and it is observed that Link 1 has large negative deflection amplitude that drives link 2 towards the opposite positive direction. An increase in the applied torque resulted in increase in the amplitude of the system for all initial condition considered. This in turns increases the nonlinear dynamic behavior of link 2 due to its lower mass value. The speed of both links dampens out over the history due to the presence of damping term. At equilibrium, both links are in phase and have the same amplitude over the time history. This study provides an analytical tool for observing and controlling the motions of the lower limb exoskeleton and for improving the designs of the medical device.

Abstract: Stroke remains the leading source of long-term disability. As the only direct descending motor pathway, the corticospinal tract (CST) is the primary pathway to innervate spinal motor neurons and one of the most well studied tracts in human neuroanatomy. Its clinical significance can be demonstrated in many distinguished traumatic situations and diseases such as stroke. Along‐tract statistics analysis enables the extraction of quantitative diffusion metrics along specific white matter fiber tracts. Besides quantitative metrics derived from classical diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), such as fractional anisotropy and diffusivities. In this study, we extracted DTI derived quantitative microstructural diffusion metrics along the CST tract in patients with moderate to severe subacute stroke. Respectively DTI metric of individual patient's fiber tract was then plotted. This approach may be useful for future studies that may compare in two different time (acute and chronic). The contribution of this work presents a totally computerized method of DTI image recognition based on conventional neural network (CNN) in order to supply quantitative appraisal of clinical characteristics. The obtained results have achieved an important classification (Accuracy=94.12%) when applying the CNN. The proposed methodology enables us to assess the classification of the used DTI images database within a reduced processing time. Experimental results prove the success of the proposed rating system for a suitable analysis of microstructural diffusion when compared to previous work.

Abstract: Cervical cancer is a common cancer that affects women around the world, and it is also the most common cancer in the developing countries. The cancer burden has increased due to several factors, such as population growth and ageing. In the early century, the systematization of cervical cancer cells takes some time to process manually, and the result that comes out is also inaccurate. This article presents a new nucleus segmentation on pap smear cell images based on structured analysis or morphological approach. Morphology is a broad set of image processing operations that process images based on shape, size and structure. This operation applies a structural element of the image to create an output image of the same size. The most basic of these operations are dilation and erosion. The results of the numerical analysis indicate that the proposed method achieved about 94.38% (sensitivity), 82.56% (specificity) and 93% (accuracy). Also, the resulting performance was compared to a few existing techniques such as Bradley Method, Nick Method and Sauvola Method. The results presented here may facilitate improvements in the detection method of the pap smear cell image to resolve the time-consuming issue and support better system performance to prevent low precision result of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) stages. The main impact of this paper is will help the doctor to identify the patient disease based on Pap smear analysis such as cervical cancer and increase the percentages of accuracy compared to the conventional method. Successful implementation of the nucleus detection techniques on Pap smear image can become a standard technique for the diagnosis of various microbiological infections such as Malaria and Tuberculosis.

Abstract: Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most important signal in the biomedical field for the diagnosis of Cardiac Arrhythmia (CA). ECG signal often interrupted with various noises due to non-stationary nature which leads to poor diagnosis. Denoising process helps the physicians for accurate decision making in treatment. In many papers various noise elimination techniques are tried to enhance the signal quality. In this paper a novel hybrid denoising technique using EMD-DWT for the removal of various noises such as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Baseline Wander (BW) noise, Power Line Interference (PLI) noise at various concentrations are compared to the conventional methods in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RSME), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Cross-Correlation (CC) and Percent Root Square Difference (PRD). The average values of RMSE, SNR, PSNR, CC and PRD are 0.0890, 9.8821, 14.4464, 0.9872 and 10.9036 for the EMD approach, respectively, and 0.0707, 10.7181, 16.2824, 0.9874 and 10.7245 for the proposed EMD-DWT approach, respectively, by removing AWGN noise. Similarly BW noise and PLI are removed from the ECG signal by calculating the same quality metrics. The proposed methodology has lower RMSE and PRD values, higher SNR, PSNR and CC values than the conventional methods.

Abstract: An interactive visualization of the patients’ 3D medical anatomical model as guide is often helpful for doctors during complex surgery. However, there are certain limitations according to the actual requirements of building sterile operating environment. Traditional human–computer interaction tools (mouse and keyboard) must be disinfected regularly and cannot be used in the process. A noncontact gesture control medical model based on Leap Motion is proposed in this study. The gesture is recognized and localized without using mouse and keyboards through a binocular camera assembled on Leap Motion. Hence, the model is directly controlled by the gesture to complete the operation of rotation, zoom, and other functions. In this study, a 3D heart model is combined with pseudo-color processing technology to enhance the observability of its 3D structure. Gesture recognition technology is then utilized to control the rendered model as rotation and zoom. Experimental results show that our system has an absolute accuracy in recognizing circle, swipe, and other actions. Thus, rotation is proposed as a new motion that can be identified steadily. Rotation plays an essential role in usability, intuition, and interactive efficiency of future system design. The system is applicable to sterile operating environments due to its stable recognition process and small space occupation.