Materials Science Forum Vols. 475-479

Abstract: China pays great attentions to the development of titanium alloys and their basic theory because of their excellent properties. New titanium alloys and their new basic theories developed in China in recent five years were reviewed, for example, high temperature Ti alloys, burn resistant titanium alloys, high strength and middle strength titanium alloys and so on. The developing directions in the next 5 to 10 years were forecast.

Abstract: The semi-solid oxidation behavior of Ti14 alloy was researched. The results show that the weigh gain increases obviously with the increasing of the semi-solid oxidation temperature. After semi-solid oxidation, the oxidation scales are only TiO2 and there are not any oxides of Cu. That is the result of the evaporation of CuO. The evaporation of CuO, which is over 1050°C, makes the weight grain happen to decrease. The oxidation layer consists of five regions. Because of the existence of the low-melting-point-phase (Ti2Cu), the melting grain boundaries become the preference walkway for the oxygen diffusion.

Abstract: The surface folds formed due to plastic deformation and the deformation behaviors of two kinds of polycrystalline titanium with grain sizes of about 30µm and 150µm respectively have been consecutively observed and measured by the scanning probe microscope. The results show that the surface folds in two kinds of specimens were increased with the increase of strain, but their relative position were kept unchanged during deformation. A large amount of twins were formed in each grain when the plastic strain reached about 0.1,which resulted in some new plastic folds. However, these new plastic folds had no influence on the positions of the plastic folds in both specimens as a whole. The roughness, the maximum height difference, and the averaged slope angle of the microscope surface profile increase with the applied tensile strain. But the surface roughness of the specimens with large grains are 1.4 to 4 times higher than that of the specimens with small grains. Two sudden changes in roughness could be observed in the specimens with large grains while the roughness in the specimens with small grains were kept smoothly increased. The influence of grain size on the plastic mechanism and surface roughness were discussed.

Abstract: The primary creep behavior at ambient temperature of typical h.c.p., b.c.c. and f.c.c. metals and alloys of annealed state was surveyed and the deformation mechanism of CP-Ti was discussed through transmission electron microscopy. Only h.c.p. metals and alloys demonstrated significant creep at ambient temperature. Arrays of straight screw dislocations of b=1/2<2110> and <2110> direction were observed in the crept CP-Ti.

Abstract: The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and property of Ti-45 and 47Al-2Nb-2Mn+0.8%vol.%TiB2 alloys (45XD and 47XD) has been studied. Annealing and subsequent oil quench produced fine-grained fully lamellar structure (FGFL) in both alloys. For microstructural stabilization, the FGFL structures were subjected to different aging treatments. Microstructural examination showed that degradation of the FGFL structure, such as coarsening of γ lamellae, recrystallization of γ grains and break-up of a2 lamellae, presented to varying degrees after different aging treatments. Hardness values in the aged alloys decreased due to the degradation. The creep resistances were improved in the aged alloys though the degradation occurred, indicating that the aging treatments stabilized the FGFL structures effectively. The differences in the changes of properties caused by different aging treatments and compositions were compared in combination with the microstructural variants.

Abstract: The effects of microstructure and contact pressure on fretting fatigue characteristics of Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe conducted with annealing at 1123 K and 1223 K were investigated in this study. Fretting fatigue tests in low and high cycle fatigue life regions of the alloys with equiaxed α and acicular α structures were carried out at each contact pressure of 10, 15, 30, 45, 75, 105 and 153 MPa. In the alloy with equiaxed α structure, fretting fatigue strength tends to be very low at contact pressures of 10 MPa and 15 MPa in low and high cycle fatigue life regions, respectively. Furthermore, fretting fatigue strength tends to be nearly constant at the contact pressure over 45 MPa in each fatigue life region. On the other hand, in the alloy with acicular α structure, fretting fatigue strength tends to be very low at contact pressures of 15 MPa and 30 MPa in low and high cycle fatigue life regions, respectively. Furthermore, fretting fatigue strength tends to be nearly constant at contact pressures of 45 MPa and over 30 MPa in low and high fatigue life regions, respectively.

Abstract: The effect of the lamellar morphology on the high cycle fatigue (HCF) and low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of the Ti-22Al-27Nb alloy was investigated. The HCF tests were performed in air at an R ratio of 0.1 in the load-control mode, whereas the LCF tests were performed in vacuum at 923 K in the strain-controlled mode. The specimens with fine lamellar microstructure exhibited a better resistance to HCF than those with coarse lamellar microstructure. The microstructure-insensitive behavior was, however, observed in the LCF tests at 923 K. The fatigue mechanism was discussed based on the concurrent observation of the initiation facet and the underlying microstructure, and the TEM observations.

Abstract: Effects of microstructural and environmental factors on fatigue crack propagation behavior of welded regions of cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated. Fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted for the welded regions, which were processed by two different welding methods: gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding and electron beam (EB) welding, under various load ratios (R=0.1, 0.9) and atmosphere (air, seawater). EB weld consisting of very thin α platelets had the faster crack propagation rate than the base metal and GTA weld, regardless of load ratio and atmosphere. Fatigue crack propagation rates at high load ratio (R=0.9) were faster than those obtained at low load ratio (R=0.1) and there was no crack closure at high load ratio (R=0.9), indicating that fatigue crack propagation at high load ratio was mainly controlled by intrinsic factors such as microstructure. Fatigue crack growth resistances in seawater atmosphere were slightly lower than those in air, but showed the similar trend with variation of specimen conditions. The degrees of crack closure were almost same regardless of specimen conditions in seawater atmosphere, suggesting that the fatigue crack propagation in seawater was mainly controlled by intrinsic factors such as microstructure.

Abstract: Low cyclic behavior of a new type near-α titanium alloy containing rare earth Nd (Ti60) with and without dwell time introduced at maximum tensile strain has been investigated at ambient temperature and 600°C. The results show that, Ti60 alloy exhibits a cyclic softening behavior at almost all strain levels being investigated. The cyclic processes show good agreement with predictions based on the fatigue crack propagation model. At 600°C, the LCF life of Nd-bearing near-α titanium alloy is superior to that at room temperature within the investigated strain range, which indicates that Ti60 alloy is a good candidate for high temperature component under complicated load and temperature conditions. The results also show that the creep-fatigue interaction is related to the strain range applied. The creep-fatigue fracture is characterized by transgranular fracture mode due to the formation of matrix voids induced by Nd-bearing particles.

Abstract: Through considering the packing density and the lattice contraction, volume changes of elements with different structures DV on melting are modeled. An agreement between the model predictions and the experimental as well as theoretical data is found. Moreover, the alloy design principle for GFA of bulk metallic glasses (BMG) based on the size of DV is also suggested that amorphous metallic alloys will have the best GFA when its packing density approaches that of A2 crystal.