Materials Science Forum
Vol. 554
Vol. 554
Materials Science Forum
Vol. 553
Vol. 553
Materials Science Forum
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Materials Science Forum
Vols. 539-543
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Vol. 526
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Materials Science Forum Vols. 539-543
Paper Title Page
Abstract: Thermomechanical controlled processing of concrete reinforcement bars, comprising
quenching and autotempering, produces a microstructural gradient across the diameter - tempered
martensite near to the surface, bainite and/or degenerated pearlite in the intermediate layers and
pearlite-ferrite within the core. Since martensite is the strength controlling phase in steels, its
fractional thickness in TMCP bars have beeen correlated to tensile properties. The developed
empirical model, helped in revealing that upto a fractional rim of about 20%, volume fraction of
ferrite-pearlite predominantly influenced the YS, UTS and % elongation, whereas at higher
fractions, martensite found to control these properties.
4143
Abstract: Thin slab continuous casting (TSCC) has recently become a winning technology in production
of automotive steels in particular those of deep-drawing quality for car body panels. By
combining the TSCC with direct rolling while retaining the heat in the process, thin steel sheets
can be produced with high efficiency at much lower cost than with the former cold rolling /
annealing procedures. However, difficulties appear when higher strength medium-alloyed or
micro-alloyed steels have to be manufactured by this method. Some alloying elements, which
tend to segregate, make the as-solidified dendritic microstructure prone to hot cracking and then
require well-controlled cross-reductions during subsequent rolling or thermal-mechanical
treatment to homogenize microstructure and get optimum properties.
Physical simulation appears to be an adequate method to generate dendritic microstructures
characteristic of the continuously cast thin slabs, thus avoiding costly experiments on full- scale
production lines. The direct rolling simulator HDS-V40, designed and manufactured by
Dynamic Systems Inc., allows controlled melting and solidification of a central portion of
10*50*165mm flat bar, and after solidification deforming the dendritic microstructure by multistep
plane strain compression to simulate hot rolling. In the molten pool formed in the sample,
the dendrites grow similarly like it appears in the industrial thin slab casting, i.e. from the
crystallization front defined by main directions of the heat flow to the supporting base and to
the (already) solid portion of the slab. In the paper presented are metallographic evidences
confirming the accuracy of this physical simulation method.
4149
Abstract: The strip casting of steel, whereby liquid steel is solidified between twin water cooled copper rolls
directly into its final shape, is a radical, energy efficient, cost effective route for the production of
steel products that also provides exciting opportunities for the development of new products. An
experimental program is currently underway to study phenomena associated with rapid
solidification of steel using levitating droplet techniques and Gleeble®3500 thermo-mechanical
processing. For example, studies have been conducted to investigate the heat transfer, nucleation
behaviour and microstructure development during solidification of a low carbon steel and a
peritectic steel on copper substrates hard coated electrolytically or using Filtered Arc Deposition
(FAD). It was found that peak and average heat fluxes were significantly higher for steels solidified
on the first substrate than for the FAD coated substrates. Maximum heat flux on the respective
substrates was 36.5 to 39.0 MW/m2 and 8.3 to 9.4 MW/m2. The average heat flux on the respective
coated substrates ranged between 9.6 to 12.5 and 5.5 to 6.6 MW/m2.
4155
Abstract: This paper presents a physically based precipitation model which aims at describing
precipitation kinetics when it occurs exclusively on dislocations. We present specific nucleation,
growth and coarsening equations, which are integrated in a set of differential equations. This model
is successfully applied to the case of precipitation of NbC in a ferritic steel, whose kinetics has been
determined by small-angle neutron scattering.
4161
The Effects of Nb Carbo-Nitride Precipitation Conditions on Abnormal Grain Growth in Nb Added Steels
Abstract: In order to investigate the effects of Nb carbo-nitride precipitation conditions on
abnormal grain growth behavior during high temperature carburizing, size of Nb carbo-nitride
precipitates was controlled by precipitation treatment at 1173-1273K for 0.6-54ks, and the
specimens were quasi-carburized at 1323K. Abnormal grain growth was enhanced when the size of
Nb precipitates was fine or coarse, so there is a suitable size range in Nb precipitates to suppress
abnormal grain growth. The reason why abnormal grain growth was enhanced is the lack of pinning
force as the conventional theory proposed by Hillert or Gladman; however, it cannot be explained
by this theory that small precipitates promote abnormal grain growth. It is considered that Ostwald
ripening rate of precipitates is also an important factor in controlling abnormal grain growth in
addition to the amount and size of precipitates and austenite grain size, which were parameters in
the Gladman‘s theory on abnormal grain growth behavior.
4167
Abstract: In extra-low carbon steels, the generation of specific nucleation sites in the deformed
microstructure determines the formation of an optimum recrystallization texture. In particular,
during the cold rolling of the steel sheets, transition bands are generated in order to accommodate
the different deformation paths followed by the deformation bands (DB-s) within the grains. -fibre
grains (ND-fibre grains) are, in general terms, more fragmented than -fibre grains (RD-fibre
grains). Consequently, the higher orientation gradients and stored energy levels of the -fibre grains
determine the ND-fibre annealing texture. Nevertheless, during recrystallization of the ELC steel,
nucleation in different type of transition bands (TB-s) between α-fibre components has also been
observed in the present work. From a previous crystallographic classification of transition bands
done by the authors, the effect of the lattice curvature, either by gradual or sharp orientation
gradients, is studied during early recrystallisation stages.
Specifically, the crystallographic characteristics of recrystallized nuclei formed at transition bands
generated between α-fibre components are analyzed using electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD).
This technique enables the orientation of deformation bands, the misorientation across them, the
orientation of the new recrystallized grains and the misorientation of those grains with the adjacent
matrix grains to be determined. Recrystallization of components different to α at the expense of α
components has also been found.
4173
Abstract: The nitriding process is one of the common methods for surface hardening, and consists of heat
treatment in a furnace for many hours. The nitriding behavior and strengthening mechanism of Ti added
steels in the nitriding process, which is applicable to a high temperature and rapid process such as the
continuous annealing of steel strip, were investigated.
The sheets were hardened only near the surface. The hardening of the surface layer is due to the formation
of clusters or fine precipitates with disc-like shape consisting of titanium and nitrogen. The maximum
hardness depends on the content of Ti in the steel while the annealing time and the concentration of NH3
influence the depth of the hardened zone affected by nitriding. It is thought that the hardening only near
surface improve bending stiffness without significant increase of yield stress. So there is a possibility that the
surface hardening improves the dent resistance of automobile outer panels without significant worsening of
the surface deflection.
To study these behaviors theoretically, a model for predicting the precipitation behavior due to nitriding has
been developed. The experimental results can be reasonably explained by the model calculations. And also,
the estimation of the amount of strengthening was carried out. It indicated that the strengthening mechanism
is mainly the precipitation hardening of TiN that could be Ti nitrides or Ti-N clusters.
4179