Hydrogel: Polymeric Smart Material in Drug Delivery

Abstract:

A ‘biomaterial’, recognizes some materials for biomedical applications like replacement of living system and wound stressing. ‘Biomaterials’ includes different compounds from diverse origins, like polymers, metals, ceramics and composites. Along with conventional natural polymers (polysaccharides, proteins), synthetic and biodegradable polymers like Polyvinyl alcohol, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Polyetheleneglycol, Polylactic acid, Polyhydroxy acid are promisingly used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, biomedical sensing, skin grafting and medical adhesives. ‘Hydrogel’ a new generation biodegradable polymer typically used for pharmaceutical and medical purposes. Hydrogels are coined as super absorbent with significant function in health care, especially in wound treatment and protection. Unique characteristics features like enhanced hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, zero-toxicity and biodegradability along with soft and rubbery consistency, low interfacial tension and ‘self-healing’ properties make them compatible with living tissues. Hydrogels have been widely investigated as the carrier for drug delivery systems owing to their unusual characteristics like swelling in aqueous medium, pH and temperature sensitivity, or sensitivity towards other stimuli. Hydrogels being biocompatible materials have been recognized to function as drug protectors, especially for peptides and proteins, from in-vivo environment. In present context, development of ‘in situ’ forming systems for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, cell encapsulation, and tissue repair are emerging. Among several typical hydrogel synthesis approaches like, solvent exchange, UV-irradiation, ionic cross-linkage, pH change, and temperature modulation, the ‘thermosensitive’ approach is advantageous since it does not require use of any organic solvents, co-polymerization agents and externally applied trigger for gelation. This review presents an overview to the advances in hydrogel based drug delivery system with some reconstructive features in the biomedical applications.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 875)
• Pages: 45-62
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.875.45
• Online since: October 2016
• Authors: Ranjana Das*, Himadri Sekhar Samanta, Chiranjib Bhattacharjee
• Keywords: Biocompatible Polymer, Biomaterial, Drug Delivery, Self-Healing Hydrogel, Synthetic Polymer

References

[1] http, /www. etymonline. com/index. php?l=p&p=23.

[2] N. Kashyap, N. Kumar, MNV Ravi Kumar MNV, Hydrogels for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 22 (2005) 107–150.

DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v22.i2.10

[3] A. S. Hoffman, G. Schmer, C. Harris, W. G. Kraft, Covalent binding of biomolecules to radiation-grafted hydrogels on inert polymer surfaces, Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs. 18(1972) 10–18.

DOI: 10.1097/00002480-197201000-00003

[4] B. D. Ratner, A. S. Hoffman, Synthetic hydrogels for biomedical applications. In, Hydrogels for Medical and Related Applications, ACS Symposium Series Vol. 31, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1976, 1–36.

DOI: 10.1021/bk-1976-0031.ch001

[5] N. A. Peppas, Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy Vols. I–III, CRC Press, Boca Raton, F L, (1987).

[6] K. Park, W.S.W. Shalaby, H. Park, Biodegradable hydrogels for drug delivery, Technomic, Lancaster, PA, (1993).

[7] R.S. Harland, R.K. Prud'homme, Polyelectrolyte gels, properties, preparation, and applications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 29. (1992).

[8] K. Ulbrich, V. Subr, P. Podperová, M. Buresová, Synthesis of novel hydrolytically degradable hydrogels for controlled drug release, J. Controlled Release. 34 (1995) 155–165.

DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(95)00004-r

[9] A.S. Hoffman, Intelligent polymers. Controlled Drug Delivery, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, (1997).

[10] O. Wichterle, D. Lim, Hydrophillic gels for biological use, Nature. 185 (1960) 117-118.

[11] K. Nguyen, J. West, Photopolymerizable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications, Biomater. 23(2002) 4307-4314.

DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00175-8

[12] N. Peppas, P. Bures, Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2000, 50, 27-46.

[13] A. Sawhney, C. Pathak, Optimization of photopolymerizedbioerodible hydrogel properties for adhesion prevention, J. Biomed. Mat. Res, 1994, 28, 831-838.

[14] S.H. Gehrke, P.I. Lee, Hydrogels for drug delivery systems. In Specialized Drug Delivery Systems 1990, 333–392, Marcel Dekker.

[15] R. Dagani, Intelligent gels, Chem. Eng. News. 75(1997) 26–36.

[16] J.A. Harvey, Smart materials. In Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, 1995, p.502–514.

[17] J. Kost, Intelligent drug delivery systems. In Encyclopaedia of Controlled Drug Delivery, John Wiley& Sons, 1999, pp-445–459.

[18] A.S. Hoffman, Hydrogels for biomedical applications, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54(2002) 3-12.

[19] S.H. Gehrke, Synthesis and properties of hydrogels used for drug delivery. In Transport Processes in Pharmaceutical Systems, Marcel Dekker, 2000, pp-473–546.

[20] J. Rowley, G. Madlambayan, J. Faulkner, D.J. Mooney, Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials, Biomaterials. 20 (1999) 45-53.

DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(98)00107-0

[21] Z. Chen, M. Liu, Synthesis and modification of salt-resistant superabsorbent polymers, React. Funct. Polym. 62 (1) (2005) 85–92.

[22] N.A. Peppas, A.G. Mikos, Preparation methods and structure of hydrogels, Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy, Vol I, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 986, 1.

[23] W.E. Hennink, C.F. van Nostrum, Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54 (2002) 13-36.

DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00240-x

[24] X.Z. Shu, K.J. Zhu, Controlled drug release properties of ionically cross-linked chitosan beads: the influence of anion structure, Int. J. Pharm. 233(2002) 217-225.

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00943-7

[25] J.A. Ko, H.J. Park, S.J. Hwang, J.B. Park, J.S. Lee, Preparation and characterization of chitosan microparticles intended for controlled drug delivery, Int. J. Pharm. 249(2002) 165-174.

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00487-8

[26] V. Kudela, H.F. Mark, J.I. Kroschwitz, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Wiley, New York, 1985, 7, 783.

[27] J. Varshosaz, M. Falamarzian, Drug diffusion mechanism through pH-sensitive hydrophobic/polyelectrolyte hydrogel membranes, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 51(2001) 235-240.

DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(01)00126-6

[28] E.S. Gil, S.M. Hudson, Stimuli responsive polymers and their bioconjugates, Prog. Polym. Sci. 9 (12) (2004) 1173-222.

[29] A.M. Lowman, N.A. Peppas, Hydrogels, Encycl. Controlled Drug Delivery. 1(1999) 397–418.

[30] M. Brownlee, A. Cerami, A glucose-controlled insulin delivery system: semisynthetic insulin bound to lectin, Sci. 206 (1979) 1190–1191.

DOI: 10.1126/science.505005

[31] S.W. Kim, C.M. Pai, K. Makino, L.A. Seminoff, D.L. Holmberg, J.M. Gleeson, D.E. Wilson, E.J. Mack, Self- regulated glycosylated insulin delivery, J. Control Rel. 11(1990)193–201.

DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(90)90132-d

[32] S.I. Kang, Y.H. Bae, A sulfonamide based glucose responsive hydrogel with covalently immobilized glucose oxidase and catalase, J. Control Rel. 86 (1) (2003) 115-121.

DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00409-1

[33] J. Pluta, B. Karolewicz, Hydrogels, properties and application in the technology of drug form I. The characterization hydrogels, Polim Med. 34(2) ( 2004) 3-19.

[34] K. Akiyoshi, S. Kobayashi S, Schichibes, D. Mix, M. Baudys, S.W. Kim, J. Sunamato, Self assembled hydrogels nanoparticle of cholesterol bearing pullulan as a carrier of protein drugs. Complexation and stabilization of insulin, J. Control Rel. 54(3) (1998).

DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(98)00017-0

[35] N.S. Bodor, Chemical Aspects of Drug Delivery Systems. D.R. Karsa, R.A. Stephenson, Eds; Royal Society of Chemistry: London, (1996).

[36] J.E. Elliotta, M. Macdonalda, J. Niea, C.N. Bowman, Structure and swelling of poly (acrylic acid) hydrogels: effect of pH, ionic strength, and dilution on the cross-linked polymer structure, Polym. 45 (2004) 1503–1510.

DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.12.040

[37] R. Pereira, A. Carvalho, D.C. Vaz, M.H. Gil, A. Mendes, P. Bártolo, Development of novel alginate based hydrogel films for wound healing applications, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 52 (2013) 221– 230.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.09.031

[38] Y-I Shen, H-Ho, G. Song, A. E. Papa, J.A. Burke, S.W. Volk, S. Gerecht, Acellular hydrogels for regenerative burn wound healing: Translation from a porcine model, J. Invest. Dermatol. 135 (2015) 2519–2529.

DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.182

[39] N.T. Lacin, Development of biodegradable antibacterial cellulose based hydrogel membranes for wound healing, Int. J. Biol. Macromo. 67 (2014) 22–27.

[40] C.Y. Gong, Q. Wu, Y. Jun, W. Dou, D. Zhang, F. Luo, X. Zhao, Y.Q. Wei, Z.Y. Qian, A biodegradable hydrogel system containing curcumin encapsulated in micelles for cutaneous wound healing, Biomater. 34 (2013) 6377-6387.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.005

[41] C.Y. Tsai, L.C. Woung, J.C. Yen, P.C. Tseng, S.H. Chiou, Y.J. Sung, K.T. Liu, Y.H. Cheng, Thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogels for sustained release of ferulic acid on corneal wound healing, Carbohydr. Polym. 135 (2016) 308–315.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.098

[42] N. Bhattarai, J. Gunn, M. Zhang, Chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled, localized drug delivery, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 62 (2010) 83–99.

DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.019

[43] S. Murdan, Electro-responsive drug delivery from hydrogels, J. Controlled Release. 92 (2003) 1–17.

DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00303-1

[44] D. Gulsen, A. Chauhan, Dispersion of micro emulsion drops in HEMA hydrogel: a potential ophthalmic drug delivery vehicle, Int. J. Pharm. 292 (2005) 95–117.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.11.033

[45] B. Singh, V. Sharma, Design of psyllium–PVA–acrylic acid based novel hydrogels for use in antibiotic drug delivery, Int. J. Pharm. 389 (2010) 94–106.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.01.022

[46] S.J. Bidarra, C.C. Barrias, Pedro L. Granja, Injectable alginate hydrogels for cell delivery in tissue engineering, Acta Biomater. 10 (2014) 1646–1662.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.006

[47] B.V. Slaughter, S.S. Khurshid, O.Z. Fisher, A. Khademhosseini, N.A. Peppas, Hydrogels in regenerative medicine, Adv. Mater. 21 (32–33) (2009) 3307–3329.

DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802106

[48] H. Park, S.W. Kang, B.S. Kim, D.J. Mooney, K.Y. Lee, Shear-reversibly cross linked alginate hydrogels for tissue engineering, Macromol. Biosci. 9 (9) (2009) 895–901.

DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800376

[49] C.L. Salgado, M.B. Oliveira, J.F. Mano, Combinatorial cell-3D biomaterials cyto compatibility screening for tissue engineering using bio inspired super hydrophobic substrates, Integr. Biol.: Quant. Biosci. Nano Macro. 4 (3) (2012) 318–327.

DOI: 10.1039/c2ib00170e

[50] W.B. Liechty D.R. Kryscio, B.V. Slaughter, N.A. Peppas, Polymers for drug delivery systems, Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 1 (2010) 149–173.

DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100847

[51] T. Vermonden, R. Censi, W.E. Hennink, Hydrogels for protein delivery, Chem. Rev. 112 (5) (2012) 2853–2888.

DOI: 10.1021/cr200157d

[52] Y. Qiu, K. Park, Environment-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 53 (3) (2001) 321–339.

DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00203-4

[53] R. Langer, Drug delivery and targeting, Nature 392 (6679 Suppl) (1998) 5–10.

[54] Y. Tanaka, J.P. Gong, Y. Osada, Novel hydrogels with excellent mechanical performance, Prog. Polym. Sci. 30 (1) (2005) 1–9.

[55] P. Calvert, Hydrogels for soft machines, Adv. Mater. 21 (7) (2009) 743–756.

[56] P.C. Thomas, B.H. Cipriano, S.R. Raghavan, Nanoparticle-crosslinked hydrogels as a class of efficient materials for separation and ion exchange, Soft Matter. 7 (18) (2011) 8192–8197.

DOI: 10.1039/c1sm05369h

[57] A.B. Imran, T. Seki, Y. Takeoka, Recent advances in hydrogels in terms of fast stimuli responsiveness and superior mechanical performance, Polym. J. 42 (11) (2010) 839–851.

DOI: 10.1038/pj.2010.87

[58] D.J. Beebe, J.S. Moore, J.M. Bauer, Q. Yu, R.H. Liu, C. Devadoss, B.H. Jo, Functional hydrogel structures for autonomous flow control inside microfluidic channels, Nature. 404 (6778) (2000) 588–590.

DOI: 10.1038/35007047

[59] D. Kim, D.J. Beebe, Hydrogel-based reconfigurable components for microfluidic devices, Lab Chip. 7 (2) (2007) 193–198.

DOI: 10.1039/b612995a

[60] H.C. Chiu, Y.W. Lin, Y.F. Huang, C.K., Chuang, C.S. Chern, Polymer vesicles containing small vesicles within interior aqueous compartments and pH-responsive transmembrane channels, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (10) (2008) 1875–1878.

DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704078

[61] F.G. Thankam, J. Muthu, Alginate–polyester comacromer based hydrogels as physiochemically and biologically favorable entities for cardiac tissue engineering, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 457 (2015) 52–61.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.06.034

[62] A.M.S. Costa, J.F. Mano, Extremely strong and tough hydrogels as prospective candidates for tissue repair – A review, EurPolym. J. 72 (2015) 344–364.

DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.053

[63] H. Rajpurohit, P. Sharma, S. Sharma, A. Bhandari, Polymers for colon targeted drug delivery, Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 72(6) 2010 689–696.

DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.84576

[64] L. Hovgaard, H. Brøndsted, Dextran hydrogels for colon-specific drug delivery, J. Controlled Release. 36 (1995) 159-166.

DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(95)00049-e

[65] S.S. Vaghani, M.M. Patel, C.S. Satish, Synthesis and characterization of pH-sensitive hydrogel composed of carboxymethyl chitosan for colon targeted delivery of ornidazole, Carbohydr. Res. 347 (2012) 76–82.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.04.048

[66] S.N.S. Anumolu, Y. Singh, D. Gao, S. Stein, P.J. Sinko, Design and evaluation of novel fast forming pilocarpine-loaded ocular hydrogels for sustained pharmacological response, J. Control. Release. 137(2009) 152–159.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.03.016

[67] M. Casolaro, I. Casolaro, S. Lamponi, Stimuli-responsive hydrogels for controlled pilocarpine ocular delivery, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 80(2012) 553–561.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.11.013

[68] M.L. Lovett, X. Wang, T. Yucel, L. York, M. Keirstead , L. Haggerty, D.L. Kaplan, Silk hydrogels for sustained ocular delivery of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapeutics, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 95 (2015) 271–278.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.12.029

[69] X. Xu, Y. Weng, L. Xu, H. Chen, Sustained release of avastin® from polysaccharides cross-linked hydrogels for ocular drug delivery, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 60 (2013) 272– 276.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.034

[70] F.A. Maulvi, D.H. Lakdawala, A.A. Shaikh, A.R. Desai, H.H. Choksi, R.J. Vaidya, K.M. Ranch, A.R. Koli, B.A. Vyas, D.O. Shah, F.A. Maulvi, D.H. Lakdawala, A.A. Shaikh, A.R. Desai, H.H. Choksi, R.J. Vaidya, K.M. Ranch, A.R. Koli, B.A. Vyas, D.O. Shah, In vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel implantation technology in hydrogel contact lenses for controlled drug delivery, J. Controlled Release. 226 (2016).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.012

[71] X.Y. Li, Z. Zhang, H. Chen, Development and evaluation of fast forming nano-composite hydrogel for ocular delivery of diclofenac, Int. J. Pharm. 448 (2013) 96– 100.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.024

[72] R. Bashir, J.Z. Hilt, O. Elibol, A. Gupta, N.A. Peppas, Micromechanical cantilever as an ultrasensitive pH microsensor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (16) (2002) 3091–3093.

DOI: 10.1063/1.1514825

[73] N.F. Sheppard, M.J. Lesho, P. McNally, A.S. Francomacaro, Microfabricatedconductimetric pH sensor, Sens. Actuators B 28 (2) (1995) 95–102.

DOI: 10.1016/0925-4005(94)01542-p

[74] C. Ruan, K. Zeng, C.A. Grimes, A mass-sensitive pH sensor based on a stimuli-responsive polymer, Anal. Chim. Acta 497 (1–2) (2003) 123–131.

DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.08.051

[75] H. Maruyama, H. Matsumoto, T. Fukuda, F. Arai, Functionalized hydrogel surface patterned in a chip for local pH sensing, in: IEEE 21st Int. Conf. on Microelectromech. Syst., 2008. MEMS 2008, (2008).

DOI: 10.1109/memsys.2008.4443633

[76] A. Sivashanmugam, R. Arun Kumar, M. Vishnu Priya, Shantikumar V. Nair, R. Jayakumar, An overview of injectable polymeric hydrogels for tissue engineering, Eur. Polym. J. 72 (2015) 543-565.

DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.05.014

[77] S.L. Tomic, M.M. Micic, S.N. Dobic, J.M. Filipovic, E.H. Suljovrujic, Smart poly (2-hyclroxycthyl methacrylate/itaconic acid) hydrogcls for biomedical application, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 79 (2010) 643-649.

DOI: 10.2298/hemind0906603t

[78] M. Shibayama, Structure-mechanical property relationship of tough hydrogels, Soft Matter. 8(2012) 8030–8038.

DOI: 10.1039/c2sm25325a

[79] Y. Kaneko, S. Nakamura, K. Sakai, T. Aoyagi, A. Kikuchi, Y. Sakurai, T. Okano, Rapid deswelling response of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels by the formation of water release channels using poly(ethylene oxide) graft chains, Macromol. 31(1998).

DOI: 10.1021/ma971899g

[80] G. Singhvi, M. Singh, Review: In Vitro drug release characterisation models, Int. J. Pharm. Stud. Res. 2(1) (2011) 77-84.

[81] T. Vermonden, B. Klumperman, The past, present and future of hydrogels, Eur. Polym. J. 72 (2015) 341–343.

DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.08.032

[82] G.C. Le Goff, R.L. Srinivas, W.A. Hill, P.S. Doyle, Hydrogel microparticles for biosensing, Eur. Polym. J. 72 (2015) 386–412.

DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.02.022