Solid State Phenomena Vol. 105

Abstract: Orientation distributions of polyphased (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+d superconducting textured materials are determined from neutron diffraction analysis. The quantitative texture analysis of neutron data was accomplished by using the combined Rietveld-WIMV-Popa algorithms, implemented in the program package Materials Analysis Using Diffraction (MAUD). Curved position-sensitive detector and 4-circle diffractometry allow the whole diffraction pattern treatment. Transport critical current densities, measured on different samples, are strongly dependent of the calculated texture strengths, crystallite sizes and phase ratios. The results prove the interest of the combined approach for a quantitative texture analysis of complex materials. Texture to anisotropic physical properties relationship is discussed.

Abstract: The ability to control the crystallographic orientation of both the seed layer and the electroplated copper grains is important in obtaining highly reliable Cu interconnects for ultra-large scale integration (ULSI) circuitry. One of the factors controlling film texture is the roughness of the deposition surface. In this paper the effects of dielectric roughness on the crystallographic texture of physical vapor deposited (PVD) copper seed layers and, subsequently, on the texture of electroplated (EP) copper have been investigated. Six relevant interlevel dielectric materials were examined: tetraethyloorthosilicate (TEOS), borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), silane oxide, silicon nitride, SiLKTM (from the Dow Chemical Corporation), and polysilicon were deposited on 200 mm (001) Si wafers. The RMS surface roughness of these dielectric layers, measured by AFM, ranged from 0.32 nm to 20.51 nm. Texture was analyzed on a dedicated x-ray diffractometer equipped with a two dimensional detector collecting incomplete pole figures with a 1.0 degree resolution in pole figure space. The orientation distribution functions (ODF) were calculated using the arbitrary defined cells method and the volume fractions of major fiber texture components were derived from the ODF. The predominant texture components of the PVD and EP copper were (111) and (511) fiber. It was found that the volume fraction of (111) fiber decreased as the dielectric surface roughness increased. One exception was with the SiLKTM dielectric, which produced significantly weaker texture than other dielectrics with similar surface roughness. The copper films deposited on polysilicon, which possessed the roughest deposition surface of all the dielectric films had a random texture. Finally, a mixture of strong (111) and (511) fiber textures of EP copper was achieved on dielectric underlayers with smoother surfaces. The results demonstrate that the deposition surface roughness plays an important role in establishing the texture in overlying PVD and EP Cu films. The texture of PVD and EP copper may serve as a useful indicator of the underlayer roughness.

Abstract: In order to demonstrate the effect of deformation temperature on texture formation in silver alloy sheet for superconducting types, the deformation and annealing textures of Ag-10 at% Pd alloy rolled at the temperatures from -1960C to 1600C and subsequently annealed were examined. A single Copper type texture with high intensity in ODFs has been realized in this study. Based on the experimental results, a metallurgical processing to get a sharp single orientation type texture in Ag-Pd alloy has been presented for manufacturing highly oriented superconducting substrate tapes.

Abstract: In this study a detailed analysis is given of the development of preferred orientations of polycrystalline diamond films, deposited from the gas phase using the combustion-flame assisted chemical vapor deposition technique, as a function of the amount of intentionally added nitrogen. The preferred orientations are studied using X-ray diffraction and are compared with the morphological changes of the sample surfaces. The role of nitrogen in the deposition process is discussed. Low amounts of nitrogen enhance the growth rate and lead from a randomly oriented layer successively to {011} and {001} fiber textures. Higher amounts of nitrogen deteriorate the growth; no preferred orientation is visible anymore.

Abstract: Hard magnetic Sm-Co thin films were prepared on Cr buffered MgO(001) single crystals by pulsed laser deposition. The texture of the films as well as the magnetic properties were measured for films deposited at different temperatures. Sm-Co is a system with high uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, where the c-axis is the axis of easy magnetization. Thin films of this material, with high coercivity and remanence, are of increasing interest for application in magnetic miniature devices. To explore the potential of this permanent magnetic material, a strong texture with a wellaligned c-axis is required. Analysis of several pole figures shows that mainly two types of orientations develop which grow epitaxially on Cr. For one orientation, the c-axis lies n the sample surface parallel to Cr(110). The c-axis of the second orientiation is tilted by 60° out of the surface plane.

Abstract: The centrifugal solid-particle method has proved to be effective in producing functionally graded materials (FGMs). In this study, Al-Al3Ti FGMs, were produced by this centrifugal method, from an Al-5 wt % Ti master alloy. Applied centrifugal forces were 30, 60 and 120G (units of gravity). Samples from the outer surface of each specimen were cut and aluminum matrix texture analyzed by Schulz reflection method. Analysis of the resulting pole figures indicates a preferred orientation along the (200) plane for the aluminum matrix crystals. Furthermore, increasing the applied centrifugal force enhances the orientation effect. Al3Ti platelet orientation and area fraction at the samples’ outer surface along three observation planes were also measured. The Al3Ti platelets in the outer region are orientated perpendicular to the centrifugal force direction along two of the observed planes, also an increase in centrifugal force leads to an increase in orientation in those two planes. The intermetallic particle volume fraction also increases with higher applied centrifugal force, although not significantly. A correlation appears to exist between particle orientation and the preferred orientation of the matrix.

Abstract: The crystallographic textures of the free-standing diamond films which were synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a CH4/H2/Ar gas mixtures have been investigated. Texture components of the diamond films are analyzed with pole figures and orientation distribution function (ODF). The surface morphology of the diamond films grown at different substrate temperatures as well as different gas concentrations is observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicate that the intensity of {110} fibre texture becomes much higher with the increase of the substrate temperature. It is considered that the higher multiplicity of <110> crystallographic direction in diamond octahedron leads to the higher appearance possibility of {110} fibre texture and the final texture components of the diamond films depend upon the CVD deposition parameters.

Abstract: The preferred orientation of hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (HAp) crystallites at the interface bone-implant in sheep tibia bones has been measured with the neutron 2-axis diffractometer D20 at the Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin, extracted 60 days after implantation. The implant has two faces, one coated and one non-coated with plasma-sprayed HAp (80 µm). We probed the samples with a spatial resolution of 0.5 mm started from the interface in order to inspect the reorganisation of the HAp crystallite distribution after implantation.

Abstract: The crystallographic textures of the free-standing diamond films which were synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a CH4/H2/Ar gas mixtures have been investigated. Texture components of the diamond films are analyzed with pole figures and orientation distribution function (ODF). The surface morphology of the diamond films grown at different substrate temperatures as well as different gas concentrations is observed with scanning electron microscopy.(SEM). The experimental results indicate that the intensity of {110} fibre texture becomes much higher with the increase of the substrate temperature. It is considered that the higher multiplicity of <110> crystallographic direction in diamond octahedron leads to the higher appearance possibility of {110} fibre texture and the final texture components of the diamond films depend upon the CVD deposition parameters.