Advanced Materials Research Vols. 433-440

Abstract: Based on sociological survey on the situation of water resources in Heihe River Basin China, using fractal theory, a nonlinear analysis of survey data was conducted according to different areas and different employments. A new concept, degree of water resources shortage (WRS), was introduced in this paper. We found that WRS had fractal charcateristics, and its fractal dimension (D) was a indicator to measure WRS, that is, the smaller the value of D, the higher the value of WRS. From upper reaches to lower reaches the change of WRS showes an exponential increase. D of farmer and herdsmen, office workers, cadres of the water sector was 0.3987, 0.72 and 0.4941 respectively. It showes that WRS of farmer and herdsmen is higest in all of sample. In order to solve the problem of water resources in Heihe River Basin, it is required to further enhance the people’s awareness of the water resources shortage.

Abstract: The contingent valuation method is one of the most significant approaches of non-market valuation techniques and has been used widely. The authors take it as a tool to analyze the economic benefits of restoring ecosystem service in an impaired river basin， Erhai lake basin. To obtain accurate benefit estimates using CVM technique requires detailed descriptions of the resources being valued. Results from 100 in-person interviews indicate that 84.7% of the households in Erhai lake basin would like to pay for restoring the ecosystem services of Erhai. The analysis of the payment card data shows that the average willingness to pay (WTP) is 80.325 RMB Yuan per household per year. The annual aggregate benefits of restoring ecosystem services of Erhai lake Basin is at least 6.426×107 RMB Yuan，calculated by the number of the households about 800,000 in the Erhai lake basin. This result is a conservative estimate for the economic value of restoring the ecosystem services of Erhai lake basin because of the positive externalities of restoring the ecosystem services on the outside of Erhai lake basin.

Abstract: The world wide water crisis we are facing nowadays is no longer how to acquire new water resource, but rather how to manage the available water resource. The water resource management practices in China are still under the guidance following conventional mindset and compliances. It was yet brought up to people’s attention that water resource planning is a crucial element of urban planning, not to mention the effort that should be spent in investigating and exploring the potential value of water to economy, esthetics and social development. This paper introduced the practices of Singapore government in managing its local water resources, i.e. recovery of the polluted water environment in its early years, integrated planning of catchment and reservoirs for stormwater storage, acquiring new resource to supplement and replacing conventional water resource, establishing public outreach network for water demand management and water resource protection, adopting water sensitive urban design to rediscover the added value of water resource to urban development, etc. By reviewing the mechanism of Singapore’s practices on sustainable planning, the existing urban water resources shortage situation in China would be addressed and suggestion for urban water resource sustainable planning and use would also be given.

Abstract: This paper reports a combined space cooling, space heating, water heating and food refrigeration system (named CO2 combined system) in supermarket. This system using CO2 as the working fluid consists of a two-stage CO2 transcritical cycle used for food refrigeration, a single-stage CO2 transcritical cycle for space cooling in summer and space heating in winter. The waste heat emitted from the CO2 gas cooling in food refrigeration cycle and space cooling and space heating cycles is recovered by heat recover exchanger and is used to provide hot water for space heating and for general usage, such as the catering, the washing and the toilet facilities in the supermarket. So this CO2 combined system improves the coefficient of performance, decreases the energy consumption as well as reduces the heat pollution. Moreover, this CO2 combined system is compared with typical conventional supermarket technology, the results show that the energy consumption of CO2 combined system is reduced largely and energy efficiency is increased obviously. It can be concluded that the CO2 combined system has a good future for protecting environment and saving energy.

Abstract: Discharge of animal manure without treatment not only pollutes environment but also influences people health. It also hinders further development of livestock industry. Composting animal manure is one of the solutions to this problem, in which content and morphous of nitrogen play important roles that affect the compost quality. Therefore it has great meaning to study nitrogen transformation during the pig manure composting, especially at low temperature which reduces composting turnover rate. In this study, pig manure was collected as compost material. Maize stover was chosen as attendant agent. Three kinds of microbial agents (A, B, C) were inoculated into the manure to start composting at 6°C. Contrast test was performed without microbial innoculant added. Acid nitrogen and non-acid nitrogen were included in total nitrogen in the composting process. Furthermore, Amide nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, amino sugar nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and other unknown form acid nitrogen were included in acid nitrogen. Total nitrogen (TN) content decreased rapidly with microbial agents (A, B, C) added during the early 6d of the composting. TN content was the lowest at the stage of high temperature (6-12d) and increased quickly between 12-18d, and it became stable after 18d. Dynamics of acid nitrogen content was the same as that of TN content. Non-acid nitrogen content varied as same as the nitrogen content in contrast test. These indicated that composting microorganisms could not utilize non-acid nitrogen, so the change of TN was due to the variation of acid nitrogen. In the early stage of composting (0-6d), contents of both amide nitrogen and amino sugar nitrogen increased slowly, while contents of amino acid nitrogen and the unknown form nitrogen decreased rapidly. Moreover, ammonium nitrogen content increased quickly. It suggested that amino acid nitrogen and the unknown form nitrogen transformed into ammonium nitrogen. The decrease of acid nitrogen and TN contents were resulted from the evaporation at high temperature. In the stage of high temperature (6-12d), microorganisms grew quickly so that amide nitrogen and amino sugar nitrogen increased rapidly, which were ingredients of microorganisms. Other form nitrogen changed a little. In the stage of maturity (12-18d), contents of amide nitrogen, amino sugar nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen decreased rapidly, while the content of unknown form acid nitrogen increased quickly. Content of amino acid nitrogen grew slowly, which suggested that amide nitrogen and amino sugar nitrogen changed into unknown form acid nitrogen as well as amino acid nitrogen. As temperature decreased, contents of unknown form acid nitrogen and amino acid nitrogen increased slowly, while contents of other form nitrogen decreased after 18d. The amide nitrogen and amino sugar nitrogen contents decreased quickly at the former stage of the composting but slowly later. Content of ammonium nitrogen decreased significantly over the composting process.

Abstract: Environment is the starting point and the supporting point of the positioning and planning for the tourism development. By analyzing the advantages of the environmental resources of the Xingzhou Entrance Area to the Bijia Mountain in Jinggang Mountain Scenic Area, this paper determines the positioning and strategies for the tourism development of its “Red Land of Peach Blossoms”, and by combining with the setting of the function blocks and starting with the analysis of environmental factors, it carries out the planning and design by taking the reproduction of scenes as its means.

Abstract: The feasibility of applying internal circulation (IC) reactor anaerobic treatment for effluent from a CSTR plant treating poultry wastewater was examined and the key controlling factors were explored. A continuous-flow IC reactor of 12.3L capacity inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge was operated for 98 days at 35±1°C. With corresponding organic loading rate of 1.5-3.5 kgCOD/m³•d at hydraulic retention time of 1.5d, the maximum volumetric biogas production rate of 1.2 m³/m³•d and tCOD (total COD) removal efficiency in the range of 70-80% was achieved. Therefore, IC reactor is competent to treat CSTR effluent from poultry wastewater. The decrease of sCOD (soluble COD) relative to tCOD and ammonia inhibition may lead to deterioration of IC reactor anaerobic treatment.

Abstract: Temperature affected ethanol fermentation of energy beet greatly.This study showed that yeast HADY was tolerant to high temperature and when the fermentation temperature was 45°C,the translation rate of ethanol was higher.The three main factors were screened out from nine factors related fermentation by Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology, such as substrate concentration, ratio of solvent to material, added HADY amount,nutrient salts, phosphorus addition amount, pH value, rotational speed, fermentation temperature and fermentation time. The three main factors included substrate concentration, fermentation temperature and phosphorus addition amount.The optimized technological parameters of HADY were as follows:substrate concentration12%, ratio of solvent to material 1:1, added HADY15%,nutrient salts 0.5,added phosphorus 0.9%, pH 5.0,rotation speed 130r/min, fermentation temperature 37°C and fermentation time 44 hours.At the time, the result showed that the translation rate of ethanol was 89.43%.

Abstract: Fermentation wastewater generated from livestock and poultry breeding contains high strength of ammonium-nitrogen and phosphorus, which has the huge nutrient recovery value. To recover nitrogen and phosphorus from the fermentation wastewater, struvite precipitate is a promising option. This paper focused on the ratios of reagent adding and pH optimizing during the ammonium and phosphate recycling through struvite precipitate. Using MgCl•6H₂O and NaHPO₄•12H₂O as precipitants, the optimum conditions were discussed in the paper. The results indicated that during a reaction time of 30min and a mixed speed of 100r/min , the ammonium and phosphate were removed by 89% and 88.7%, respectively at pH 10.5 and a molar ratio of Mg:N:P=1.2:1:1. In addition, it could reduce the organic matter content with a COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand ) removal efficiency of 36.2%. The recovered struvite had been suggested to display excellent fertilizer qualities, and also could be recycled and reused as a resource of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Abstract: A potential way of CO₂ capture and storage by hydrates is proposed in this paper. The characteristics of hydrate formation is investigated in a small scale dynamic reactor under high pressure conditions from 2-3.5Mpa. Temperature varied between 0.5-4°C. The effect of supercooling degree and overpressure on hydrates formation were discussed. Hydrates formation can be completely finished within 150min and the final pressure-temperature points of system are just on the hydrates equilibrium curve. The induction time increasing with the decreasing of supercooling degree and increase of pressure. It is less than 40min under the experiment conditions.