Materials Science, Testing and Informatics III
Vols. 537-538
Vols. 537-538
Progress in Powder Metallurgy
Vols. 534-536
Vols. 534-536
Advances in Materials Manufacturing Science and Technology II
Vols. 532-533
Vols. 532-533
Advanced Powder Technology V
Vols. 530-531
Vols. 530-531
Silicon Carbide and Related Materials 2005
Vols. 527-529
Vols. 527-529
Advances in Materials Processing Technologies, 2006
Vol. 526
Vol. 526
Residual Stresses VII, ECRS7
Vols. 524-525
Vols. 524-525
High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion 2005
Vols. 522-523
Vols. 522-523
Aluminium Alloys 2006 - ICAA10
Vols. 519-521
Vols. 519-521
Recent Developments in Advanced Materials and Processes
Vol. 518
Vol. 518
Functional Materials and Devices
Vol. 517
Vol. 517
Advanced Materials Forum III
Vols. 514-516
Vols. 514-516
Advanced Materials and Technologies
Vol. 513
Vol. 513
Residual Stresses VII, ECRS7
Volumes 524-525
Paper Title Page
Abstract: A novel surface treatment has been developed in the present work to enhance the
tribological properties of 316L Stainless Steel. This Technique involves the formation of a
nanocrystalline layer ascribable to a grain refinement mechanism induced by repeated impact
loadings supported by the surface. The resultant system has a layered structure, comprising
nanometric grains (less than 100 nm) at the top and a strain hardened transition layer in the
subsurface. Such a microstructural feature has the potential to significantlty enhance the surface
hardness and to create a high compressive residual stress state. The tribological properties of the
stainless steel are thus improved in terms of lower friction coefficient and increased wear resistance.
Detailed studies on the response of the nanocrystalline surface layer to annealing at temperatures
between 400°C and 600°C showed that an annealing at high temperature can offer much better
tribological enhancement than low temperature annealings due to enhanced martensitic
transformation.
717
Abstract: The advance of the XRD technique allows us to reach the properties of each coarse grain.
This paper has demonstrated a new method to determine stress in a single crystal for multicrystal
material and this new method could be specially applied for any symmetric crystalline systems. The
strain tensor ε is determined by the change of the metric tensor G before the initial state and after
the deformed state in the crystal reference system. Then stress tensor at grain scale is calculated by
the Hooks law. The stress evaluations are carried out in coarse grains of a thin galvanized coating
on a steel substrate during tensile loading. This study allows us to link the microstructure evolution
to the elastic heterogeneity at grain scale or between the grains.
723
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of crystallite preferred orientation on the
mechanical strength of TiCN thin films in highly compressive residual stress. TiCN thin films were
deposited by PVD on JIS-SKH55 (AISI M35) steel. The applied substrate bias voltages were set for
–50, -80, -100, -120 and –150V. Subsequently, residual stress and crystalline preferred orientation of
these specimens were investigated by X-ray diffraction methodology. The crystalline preferred
orientation in thin films was evaluated by the ODF calculated from pole figures. On the other hand,
dynamic hardness test (DH) and scratch test were executed to evaluate the mechanical strength of thin
films.
In our study, it was observed that negative bias voltages had an effect on the preferred orientation. The
orientation density at –120V was the highest of all specimens. In addition, the value of scratch section
area at –120V was the largest of all specimens. As a conclusion, the relation between the scratch area
and the negative bias voltages corresponded to the relation between the preferred orientation and the
bias voltages.
729
Abstract: X-ray diffraction is used in combination with tensile testing for measuring elastic
properties of metallic thin films. Size effect, elastic anisotropy and grain morphologies are
considered in all these experiments and supported by different kind of numerical simulations
operating at different length scales. Such instrumental studies are time consuming even if
synchrotron sources are used. New experiments are under progress for reducing acquisition data and
improving precision on strain measurements. After introducing briefly the main principles and
results of our techniques, first promising measurements on nanometric W/Cu multilayers using 2D
CCD detectors and high monochromatic flux at the Advanced Light Source Berkeley (USA) on
beam line 11.3.1 are presented. In addition, simulation experiments for analyzing elasticity in
textured gold film are discussed.
735
Abstract: Diffraction of penetrating radiation such as neutrons or high energy X-rays provides a
powerful non-destructive method for the evaluation of residual stresses in engineering components.
In particular, strain scanning using synchrotron energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction has been shown
to offer a fast and highly spatially resolving measurement technique. Synchrotron beamlines provide
best available instruments in terms of flux and low beam divergence, and hence spatial and
measurement resolution and data collection rate. However, despite the rapidly growing number of
facilities becoming available in Europe and across the world, access to synchrotron beamlines for
routine industrial and research use remains regulated, comparatively slow and expensive. A
laboratory high energy X-ray diffractometer for bulk residual strain evaluation (HEXameter) has
been developed and built at Oxford University. It uses a twin-detector setup first proposed by one of
the authors in the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction mode and allows simultaneous determination
of macroscopic and microscopic strains in two mutually orthogonal directions that lie approximately
within the plane normal to the incident beam. A careful procedure for detector response calibration
is used in order to facilitate accurate determination of lattice parameters by pattern refinement. The
results of HEXameter measurements are compared with synchrotron X-ray data for several samples
e.g. made from a titanium alloy and a particulate composite with an aluminium alloy matrix.
Experimental results are found to be consistent with synchrotron measurements and strain resolution
close to 2×10-4 is routinely achieved by the new instrument.
743
Abstract: For industrial applications concerning the nondestructive characterization of the nearsurface
material condition in terms of residual stresses, work hardening, phase transformation and
formation of reaction compounds there is a strong demand for X-ray diffraction measurements on
large components with complex geometry. Because many regions of interest on these components
are not accessible with conventional laboratory or even mobile X-ray diffractometers, a novel center-
free diffractometer with two cooperating robots named "Charon XRD" has been developed at
MTU Aero Engines. Using a special optical measuring system to synchronize the two six-axis robots
it was possible to achieve positioning accuracies that are comparable to those of conventional
stationary diffractometers. This paper describes the design and functionality of Charon XRD and
presents calibration and reference measurements, along with first measurements on aero-engine
components.
749
Abstract: To enhance the fatigue resistance of mechanical components, different surface treatment
processes are often applied to put the near surface layer into compression. Surface treatment
processes are typically associated with deformation and work-hardening of the material.
When applying x-ray diffraction techniques to the characterization of such surfaces, the
work-hardening will cause the x-ray diffraction peak width to increase. When peak widths
reach high values, the peak tail may extend beyond the active area or window of the multichannel
x-ray detector, in which case the peak is truncated. Subsequent analytical treatment
of broad diffraction peaks is troublesome and advanced numerical methods are required to
accurately determine the peak position. The following work indicates that when a wider
detector is used it is possible to collect the full, non-truncated peak, determine the peak
position with a high level of confidence and subsequently, to calculate the residual stress
with much improved repeatability and reproducibility.
755
Abstract: For a few years, new kinds of setups for residual stress analysis by X-ray diffraction have
been commercialised by manufacturers with two linear Position Sensitive Scintillation Detectors
(PSSD) including Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) sensors. Although these equipments allow an
important reduction of acquisition time, some questions subsist on their measurement reliability,
especially on the raw profile corrections and on the associated statistical uncertainty. One of them
concerns the required gain correction because of the weak spatial homogeneity of these detectors. In
fact, a bad knowledge of sensor noise does not permit a good correction of the raw patterns which
can significantly affect the results of stress measurements. In this study, an original statistical
analysis is proposed to visualize and analyse the various kinds of intrinsic noise of PSSD detectors,
and especially the most important one: the dark noise. Based on the results of this investigation, a
method for gain correction is then proposed. The method, easy to apply, permits a better correction
of the sensors defects without increasing acquisition time. This analysis also allows a better
understanding of the sensors behaviour and thus an optimisation of the acquisition.
761
Abstract: In this paper, results are presented of the development of internal stresses in 2124
aluminium alloy reinforced with 25% of particulate silicon carbide. Measurements have been
made during in situ low-cycle fatigue loading of this composite, using neutron diffraction. The
neutron measurements were made using the ENGIN-X diffractometer at the ISIS neutron facility,
UK. The results show how the internal stresses evolve with fatigue cycling. Eshelby-based
modelling has been used to allow separation of the internal stress components in the MMC.
769
Abstract: Variations in the lattice parameters of γ and γ' phases perpendicular to the [001] tensile
axis were recorded in situ at ~10 minutes intervals using the Triple Axis Diffractometer of the High
Energy (ID15) beamline at ESRF. Testing was carried out on an AM1 superalloy specimen with a
raft microstructure at high temperature (1072°C) under load steps between 0 MPa and 300 MPa.
These data were used to evaluate the Young modulus and the effective (Von Mises) stresses within
the γ' rafts and γ corridors, as well the average plastic strain rates of each phase. The recorded stress
data scatter was within the MPa range, and should be good enough to probe the elementary
mechanisms of plasticity.
775