Advanced Materials Research Vols. 356-360

Abstract: To estimate the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions in China, this study collected data on vegetation volume, production and distribution, converted into leaf biomass and then used BVOC emission model. In 2003, the annual BVOC emission in China was 12.83 Tg, composed of 7.45 Tg isoprene, 2.23 Tg monoterpenes, and 3.14 Tg other VOCs (OVOCs). Emissions varied significantly among plant species, with contributions ordered as follows: forests > shrubs > crops > grasslands. Southern and northeastern China were the main sources of BVOC emissions. Significant seasonal variation was found with summer contributing the most.

Abstract: Using cadmium acetate and sodium sulfuret as Cd and S sources, CdS samples were synthesized by chemical precipitation method. The conditions of supersaturation and aging time had been investigated, which could influence the activity of CdS for photocatalytic degrading methyl orange. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The CdS samples synthesized under low supersaturation showed better photocatalytic activities. A phase transformation of hexagonal CdS to cubic CdS was observed when CdS precipitation aging and the presence of proper amount of hexagonal CdS should improve the photocatalytic performance of cubic CdS.

Abstract: Obligation erga omnes is the obligation to the international community as a whole. The concept was initially expounded in the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company Limited Case by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 1970. Obligation deriving from the principles and rules concerning the basic rights of the human person belongs to obligation erga omnes. Marine environment is an important component of the human environment, and the right to environment is a basic human rights. protection of the marine environment conforms to the human basic moral value and the common interest of the international community. Protection of the marine environment is an obligation erga omnes. States should Promote the international co-operation on protection of the marine environment and perform obligation erga omnes. Where breach the obligation erga omnes, the state should entail the international responsibility.

Abstract: The study effort was in progress through a thermogravimetric analyzer which export experimental data for construction pyrogenation dynamic model when import varied coal grain diameter in non-isothermal thermogravimetry method. This paper chiefly introduces a study on coal pyrogenation process with different altering parameter like temperature rise rate, grain diameter of coal that has been proved to affect in a big way in the whole work. The experimental research represents that there are four stages of the coal thermal decomposition, taking volatile release feature index as basic characteristic reflection to establish a thermogravimetry dynamic model.

Abstract: Based on meteorology and environment monitoring data in January, 2008 in Liaoning central region, a typical haze weather process was analyzed. The results showed that haze was formed due to the stable weather condition in the earth surface and upper air layer in Liaoning central region. Especially because that the weakening of atmospheric dispersion ability in the urban boundary layer that was 500m under earth surface, caused the pollutant in the air cannot disperse. Thus, it resulted in the deterioration of air quality, increase of concentration of particulate mass, and declination of visibility. And in the end, haze formed.

Abstract: Acid rain is one of the global environmental problems that have become a very serious issue especially in southern China. Calcium ions are the nutrients needed by plants, the Ca²⁺ contents in forest soils would change greatly when influenced by acid deposition, and even limiting the growth of plants seriously. In this paper, two major forests’ soil of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (MEBF) and Pine and broad-leaf mixed forest (PBMF), which located at the low subtropics of China, were selected to discuss the dynamics of exchangeable calcium ions under different acidity. It showed that in 2009, the calcium ions’ background values, (0.2918mg/L), in the MEBF are higher than that of the PBMF, (0.1345mg/L). For the two forests’ soils, the contents of exchangeable Ca²⁺ varied greatly with soil depth, but the MEBF ecosystem would be more stable than the PBMF.

Abstract: 17β-estradiol(E2) has estrogenic activity at very low concentrations and are emerging as a major concern for water quality. Great endeavors have been done on the removal of E2 in wastewater. This article was mainly researched the isolated of E2 degradation bacteria from activated sludge and its degradation characteristics of the bacteria were also researched. According to its physiological biochemical results analysis, this strain was identified as K.pnem. pneumoniae .This strain can use E2 as sole carbon and energy source for growth. The optimal temperature, pH for the bacterial growth and degradation of E2 was 30°C,7.0, respectively, meanwhile degradation rate reached to 86% and 87%; degradation rate and bacterial growth increased along with E2 concentration increasing, 81% E2 was degraded when E2 concentration is 30mg/L, degradation rate decreased when E2>50mg/L; metal ions such as Fe²⁺ and Zn²⁺ almost have no effect on E2 degradation and bacterial growth; Mn ²⁺ can promote growth of strain and degradation, while, metal ions such as Hg²⁺ ,Ag⁺ ,Cu ²⁺ have negative effect on bacterial growth and degradation. The degradation process for E2 with initial concentration of 1mg/L indicated that the degradation rate of E2 by strain within 7days was 98%.

Abstract: Oxidation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as Sulfur Oxidation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as Sulfur Mustard (HD) and Soman (GD) and their simulants 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) in supercritical water were studied by a batch reactor. Results showed that HD, GD and their simulants 2-CEES and DMMP could be effectively destroyed into their corresponding mineral compounds by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). The mineral ratio was a function of reaction temperature, reaction time and oxidant concentration. But reaction temperature seemed to have more important effect on the mineral ratio than other two factors. Sulfur compounds 2-CEES and HD could easily be mineralized under 475°C and the inorganic products were mainly SO₃^2- and SO₄^2- , while complete oxidation of organic phosphorus reactants GD and DMMP needed a high temperature of >600°C. And under relatively low temperature, DMMP tended to form a white organic phosphorus polymer with P-C and P-O-P bonds. Results also indicated that P-F bond was more easily broken than P-C bond.

Abstract: The performance of activated carbon (AC) adsorption process for the treatment of a simulated wastewater of fuchsin basic dye was investigated. The experiment revealed that under the optimum adsorption conditions (initial concentration of wastewater 250 mg L^-1 of dye, temperature 25 °C and AC dosage 4 g L^-1), the color removal efficiency was 98% after 360 min of adsorption. As for the further use of AC, the saturated AC was regenerated by heated 20 min at 600 °C in the atmosphere of N₂. Efficiency of regeneration was 99% and the regeneration loss was less than 5%. It indicated that AC was effective in the decolorization of dye wastewater.

Abstract: Abstract. According to the meaning of ecological civilization, we build an evaluation index system of ecological civilization competitiveness. We select 30 provinces or autonomous regions in China, collect the relevant data and through principal component analysis 9 independent components are picked up from 19 comprehensive evaluation indices which reflect the competitiveness of ecological civilization. Then we evaluate and rank the regions’ ecological civilization competitiveness. By comparing the results, we find out strengths and gaps of the regions as well as the related reasons.