Advanced Materials Research Vols. 356-360

Abstract: The pyrolysis characteristics of oil sludge and coal mixed fuel in an argon atmosphere were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer. Factors that affect the pyrolysis process were analyzed. The pyrolysis mechanism equation of the oil sludge and coal fuel was determined. Hereafter, the dynamic properties were provided, namely the activation energy and frequency factor. In this paper, pyrolysis of the mixture occurs in six distinct steps, each accompanied by its unique reactionary mechanics. The activation energy at each step increased with respect to temperature (presenting an initial increase and subsequent decrease). as the rate of temperature increase was amplified, each respective step has its activation energy slightly reduced. Moreover, the mixture shows the influence of non-linear relationships during pyrolysis.

Abstract: Long-term effects of inorganic and corn stalks organic nutrient sources on yield, soil organic carbon(SOC) and the relationship between crop yield and SOC were investigated in Dry-Land Farming Institute of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui, Hebei Province, China from 1981 to 2005. Hengshui is a part the North China Plain and the dominant cropping systems are Winter wheat-maize rotations. Recently the use of organic manure with grain crops has almost disappeared. This could reduce soil fertility and crop productivity in the long run. There were sixteen treatments applied to both wheat and maize seasons: Inorganic fertilizers as main plots and corn stalks as subplots and the main plot and subplot all have four levels expressed A and B respectively. So there are sixteen treatments with three replicates were set (A1,A2,A3,A4)*(B1,B2,B3,B4). After more than 20 years crop yield and SOC decreased in treatment of without fertilizers and only applicate corn stalks just sustain it. Combine application of inorganic fertilizers and corn stalks increase SOC and crop yield very strongly. For crop yield the more fertlizers the more increase. But the SOC will decrease as the more inorganiac fertlizer application and increase with the increase of corn stalks.

Abstract: The niche breadths and niche overlaps of Selaginella pulvinata and of other several main species of the herbaceous layer were measured at the barren hillsides in the arid valley of the upper reach of the Minjiang River. The results indicate that Selaginella pulvinata can distribute in various communities and adapt the environment of this region. Because all of them can express the highest ability to combat the draught and explore resources, the competitions among them can be found obviously. It is very useful for us to the vegetation recovery of the barren hillsides in the arid valley of the upper reach of the Minjiang River that had been damaged seriously by the 8.0 earthquake at 2:28pm on May 12th in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, China.

Abstract: The indoor experimental study was on a large common species of filamentous green algae in the North Lake beach of Chongming Island - bristles algae liquid produced by algae growth during the photodegradation of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) spectral characteristics change. Absorption coefficient a (355) in the degradation experiment was reduced 27.44% , however , in the control experiment , a (355) was only 1.61% lower. In the photodegradation process of degradation experiments and control experiments, the values of M and S were increased to the different extent and the increased value of the former was higher than the latter. By using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (EEMS), the detected peak value of protein-and humic fluorescence in control experiments was little changed, while significantly increased in the degradation experiments. By the analysis of parallel factor model (PARAFAC) combined with three-dimensional fluorescence excitation - emission matrix data (EEMS), the three-component CDOM: C1, C2, C3, respectively were relative to humic fluorescence peaks A, C, and protein-like fluorescence B. In the degradation experiments, small changes were in the components of C1, however the components of C2, C3 compared with those in the control group were increased by nearly 2 times. All results showed that the photodegradation process of bristles algae liquid can cause changes of the CDOM in the structure and content, easier to produce small molecules and weak aromatic CDOM.

Abstract: We evaluated the effects of silicon , potassium, and calcium on the salt-tolerant plant Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pal.l) Bie under salt stress. The experimental treatments consisted of a NaCl-only treatment (150, 450, or 900 mmol/l NaCl), a complex salts treatment (NaCl with K⁺, Ca²⁺ ,andSi⁺at total concentrations of 150, 450, or 900 mmol/l;(Na⁺:K⁺:Ca²⁺ :Si⁺ =1:0.03:0.14:0.004), and a control with no complex ions or NaCl. After 20 and 60 days of treatments, we investigated activities of the major antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), as well as succulence and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline(Pro) and glycine betain (GB). We found that additions of K⁺ , Ca²⁺ , and Si⁺ partially alleviated the negative effects of salinity stress by increasing the salt tolerance of the plant. The improved salt tolerance was associated with increased Pro, GB,and increased activities of SOD, CAT, and POD,and decrease MDA. In contrast, the NaCl-only treatments caused marked decreases in succulence and soluble protein contents. The results of these experiments suggest that K⁺, Ca²⁺ , and Si⁺ can alleviate the damaging effects of salt on H. strobilaceum by preventing oxidative membrane and oxidant enzyme activities damage, and that they may be associated with osmotic adjustment.

Abstract: The wetland, known as the kidney of the earth, together with the forest and the ocean are called three main ecosystems of globe. As a result of the extensive use of oil, the coastal wetland ecosystems are seriously destroyed by the oil pollutants. The author took the coastal wetland as an example and reviewed the relevant literatures published latest years. Based on those literatures, the impacts of oil pollution on the wetland soils, plants and microbes are summarized to look forward to providing the relevant information for the protection of the coastal wetland ecosystems.

Abstract: In this paper we investigate key causal linkages in proactive environmental practices based on an empirical study of 232 Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). We propose a conceptual framework and test this framework using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The key focus of this study is to explore SMEs’ environmental initiatives and the impact of stakeholders’ involvement in determining SMEs’ environmental strategies. The study examines the relationship between stakeholders’ involvement (customers, suppliers, government, top managers and employees) and proactive environmental practices (internal management systems, process-based changes, product-based changes). The results support the notion that SMEs have moved to develop an increasingly proactive environmental orientation. Although our survey strongly suggests that each stakeholder has a different role and impacts differently on SMEs’ sustainability practices, vertical partners play the most critical roles in supporting environmental practices based on product and process-based changes.

Abstract: For researching ecological behaviors of Cupriavidus taiwanensis X1 which has strong hydrolysis activity on chlorpyrifos(CP), reporter gene luxAB was successfully introduced into cells by electroporation. The labeled strain X1-lux with genetic stability and fluorescence was obtained. Both of strain X1 and X1-lux could completely degrade 200 mg/l CP within 12h in minimal salt medium, and experimental results showed that introduction of luxAB did not affect strain X1 growth and degradation on CP. The cells of X1-lux and X1 were inoculated into soil with 500 mg/l CP, the cell concentration and CP residual was detected, and data revealed that strain X1 could absolutely removed CP in 12d and survive in soil. Strain X1 is a potential excellent choice for bioremediation of organophosphorus polluted environments.

Abstract: In this paper, based on the healthy development of ecological environment in the Loess Plateau area , proposed 18 indices of ecological environment quality evaluation, established index system of ecological environment quality evaluation and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. Taking Jiuyuangou basin as example, made a conclusion that Jiuyuangou ecological quality of the environment is under Ⅱ, fragile ecological environment quality for the general area, it is because of measures implementation of the Soil and Water Conservation Demonstration Area to increase the vegetation cover, soil erosion control, and promote the improvement of ecological environment.

Abstract: Ecological and environmental problems become very complex due to regional differences, there are some differences in the concept and the calculation methods of ecological water demand. In this paper,the described method of ecological water demand which combined with GIS technology in the study area is proposed, based on the GIS technology to generate digital land use map, calculated the required extracted land use data. Finally, the application analysis instance of Shijiazhuang to verify this theoretical approach. the results can provide a scientific basis for the calculation of the regional eco-environmental water demand, water allocation and environmental protection.