Advanced Materials Research Vols. 356-360

Abstract: A biofilm based method was used to measure the biological regrowth potential of water by a biofilm annular reactor. The tested water was taken from the city distribution system at the lower reaches of Yellow River. Bacterial growth data, including biofilm and suspended bacteria in water, were collected during the month-long study and compared with turbidity and the traditional biodegradable organic material measuring method, namely, assimilable organic carbon (AOC) method. The change trends of biofilm biomass, heterotrophic plate counting of suspended bacteria (HPCs), turbidity and AOC were discussed and the correlation between these indicators were analyzed in this study. Results of this study indicated that comprehensively quantitative biostability factors should take into account both biodegradable organic material and biofilm formation capability of tested water.

Abstract: Fibers are used for a large variety of applications. Textiles, nonwovens as well as fiber reinforced composite materials are commonly used in daily life and in technical applications. However, the increase of fiber can not suffice the demand of people. And fiber shortages have became a key problem. To face these challenges, recycling is considered as an effective way to fiber wastes. As a problem in environment, resource and constructing recycling society, fiber-recycling has been highly concerned in present Japanese society. This job has been actively pushed forward, whether in the government or in research institutes or in civilian organizations. This article studies current status and development trends of fiber-recycling in Japan in different angles. It provides reference not only on constructing full cycling model but also on further promoting the field of fiber-recycling research.

Abstract: The phosphorus tungsten(PW) heteropoly acids were immobilized on the mesoporous molecular sieves(MCM-41) by wet impregnation. The prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, TG and DTA,FTIR. The alkylation of p-cresol with isobutylene was carried out over the PW /MCM-41 catalysts. The influences of various reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, time, PW loading, and catalysts amount on the conversion of p-cresol and the products selectivity were also investigated. Under the optimized reaction conditions of 90 °C,PW loading of 10%, catalyst amount of 1.5%, p-cresol conversion was found to be 93.89% with product rate to 2-tert-butyl-p-cresol 51.29%, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol 42.48% and tert-butyl-p-tolyl ether 0.12%, responding to selectivity of 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol 45.24%.

Abstract: The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, is the most important pest of banana in the world. The effect of the pheromone releasing measure, a kind of ecological control method, was investigated over 2 years in Nanbao Farm, Lingao county, Hainan, China. The pheromone used was Cosmolure+, a commercially available C. sordidus aggregation pheromone. There were 3 treatments, including 0, 5 and 10 pheromone traps/ha. Pheromone lures were changed monthly at which time the traps were moved to a different location within the stand. There were no significant differences in mean catches of C. sordidus per trap in the most of the investigation period except September 2009. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in plant damage between the pheromone treatment of 5 traps/ha and 10 traps/ha. The results also showed that the relationship between the mean number of weevils caught per month and average rainfall was not significant. Possible reasons for the 5 traps/ha efficacy in this study are discussed.

Abstract: Along with the rapid development of urbanization since 90s of the 20th century, the contradiction between land and people is more and more serious. At the same time, urban land extensive inefficient utilization phenomenon is very outstanding,so it is very importment for us to realize the urban land use status and potential evaluation. The urban land use status and potential evaluation information system is necessary. We use GIS to land daily management work . We can not only save the hole graphical data ,attribute data and text data through computers, but also can reduce the mistakes and improve work efficiency. Meanwhile, this system use OSGI plugins and optimum building block ,so we can update the work methods easily through the combination of different function plugins in order to deal with different land management work conveniently and then save a lot of time.On the other hand,we can provide data sharing service for the other land management departments. This paper takes Zhaoyuan in Shandong province for the exapmple to design the solution. The solutions offers the references to intensive land use evaluation system of the urban land .

Abstract: The estimate of sea ice thickness is the academic base of sea ice research in Bohai Sea. According to the ice-water spectrum differences and the correlation between ice thickness and albedo, this paper comes up with a sea ice thickness inversion model based on the relative albedo of NOAA/AVHRR data. The results are better in the coastal area and the average error of this method is about 21%. Then a preliminary analysis has been made on the errors of the estimate of sea ice thickness.

Abstract: The Ecological Footprint methodology is a framework that tracks Ecological Footprint (humanity’s demands on the biosphere) by comparing human demand against the regenerative capacity (Biocapacity) of the planet (WWF, 2010) to advance the science of sustainability. As such, the spatiotemporal dynamics of the Ecological Footprint (EF) and Biocapacity (BC) in a given watershed are important topics in the field of sustainability research based on remote sensing (RS) data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques．This paper reports on a case study of the Jinghe River Watershed using improved EF methodology with the help of GIS and high resolution remote sensing data, to quantitatively estimate the relationship between EF demand and BC supply and analyze their spatial distribution patterns at multiple spatial scales for four periods (1986, 1995, 2000 and 2008). We predict the future BC both overall, and of six categories of biological productivity area for the next four decades using the Markov Chain Method．The results showed that the spatial distribution of EF demand and BC supply were significantly uneven in the region, in which the per-capita EF of all counties located in the watershed increased continually from 1986 to 2008, and the EF per person of counties in the middle and lower reaches area was markedly greater than that in the upper reaches over time. On the supply side, the per-capita BC of all counties decreased gradually from 1986 to 2008, and the per-capita BC of counties in the upper reaches area was greater than that in the middle and lower reaches during the period, causing the uneven spatial distribution of Ecological budget-the gap between supply and demand, showed that the Jinghe River Watershed on the whole has begun to be unsustainable since 2008, with each county exhibiting differential temporal patterns. The prediction results showed that the total BC will increase continually from 2020 to 2050, and the BC of six categories will reduce, indicating that unsustainability in the region will escalate. As a whole, The EF demand has exceeded the BC supply, and the gap was widening in the Jinghe Watershed. This paper provided an in-depth portrait of the spatiotemporal dynamics of EF and BC, as well as their interactions with humanity and ecosystems.

Abstract: Considering spatial heterogeneity of LAI and nonlinearity of its inversion model, a new spatial scaling method based on Gaussian distribution theory was proposed, aiming to quantitatively analyze scale effects and reveal scaling rules. In this method, higher spatial resolution data, obeying Gaussian distribution when the volume is large enough, were taken as baseline. Statistical parameters and Gaussian distribution forms were integrated into the process of spatial scaling. Barley was selected as experimental object. Firstly, multi-resolution data at 10m, 15m, 20m and 30m were constructed based on 5m resolution data through up-scaling algorithms. Secondly, extracting statistics of these data and constructing scaling data based on Gaussian distribution theory. Finally, quantitatively analyzing scale effects of LAI by introducing sensitive bands ordering and multivariate linear regression. Number of effective bands, R2 of observations and estimations, and MRA could fully confirm the feasibility and validity of this proposed method.

Abstract: Ecological environment is the basis for human interdependence and development, so regional economic development must take into account the security situation of ecological environment and biocapacity. Based on the Ecological Footprint methodology, using remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis techniques, the biocapacity of Minqin oasis in Gansu in 1990, 2000 and 2009 was quantitatively calculated, and its spatio-temporal pattern analysis was also analyzed. The results showed：over the past two decades, there have been increasingly noticeable alterations to Minqin oasis; as a result, land reclamation activities have led to an increase in the areas of cropland, meaning that its biocapacity is rising, while the biocapacity of forest and pasture is decreasing. The biocapacity in space shows that the high-value area aggregation is augmented, there is an increased scope of area, and the focus of biocapacity has shifted. However, after 2000, with the water shortage, abandonment issues being highlighted and the aggravation of desertification, biocapacity has decreased, and additionally, the relationship between land and man has become strained. The changes of biocapacity are all closely linked with population growth, socio-economic development, agriculture structure, and water scarcity.

Abstract: The Late Paleozoic coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs for high-rank coal in North China have the characteristic of high CBM content. But due to the differences between CBM reservoirs in several aspects such as physical property and gas accumulation condition, CBM was developed for commercialization only in the south of Qinshui Basin. Coal samples were systematically collected from Qinshui Basin, Jiaozuo Coalfield, Yongxia Coalfield and Xinggong Coalfield, and then tested on coal petrology, porosity-permeability characteristics and isothermal adsorption, etc. Based on the analyses of these test data, this paper discusses the forming conditions and mechanisms of the favorable CBM reservoirs for high-rank coals. These factors like the coal petrology characteristics, reservoir physical property and gas accumulation conditions were detailedly discussed. The difference characteristics of the favorable CBM reservoirs in North China were comprehensively evaluated as conclusions. The result shows that in comparison with other high-rank coal areas, coals in Qinshui Basin have undergone slight tectonic destruction, which induces the widespread development of primary- and cataclastic-structured coals, developing better microfractures. Moreover, the Qinshui coals have not only the well-developed exogenetic fractures, but also well sedimentary and tectonic conditions at the key accumulation period of CBM. These factors resulted in the formatting of better CBM reservoir in Qinshui Basin when comparing to other high coal rank areas in North China.