Advanced Materials Research Vols. 361-363

Abstract: Rice straw was pretreated with alkaline to improve degradation by Coprinus cinereus. After straw soaked in 5% NaOH for 24h, straw biodegradation conditions include nitrogen source concentration, moisture content, pH which were the main influence factors were studied. The results showed the optimum nitrogen source concentration was 3%, moisture content was 65% and pH was 6 for 15d fermentation. A theoretical maximum cellulose biodegradation of 34.4% was obtained when straw chips were under the fermentation condition of nitrogen source concentration (ammonium nitrate)4.47%(w/w), moisture content 67.4%(w/w), pH 6.37 fermented at 28°Cfor 15d by RSA Experiment.

Abstract: Extraction of amygdalin by ethanol refluxing from waste loquat kernel was performed successfully. Amygdalin concentrations were determined by using ultraviolet spectrophotometry with ethanol as solvent at 210 nm. And the influences of various factors on extraction process were discussed. The result shows that the concentration of ethanol is the most influencing factor in this process, and then the solid-liquid volume ratio, the extraction temperature and the extraction time. Optimum conditions for this extraction process are: the solid-liquid volume ratio is 1/10, the concentration of ethanol is 65%, the extraction temperature is 60°C and the extraction time is 45min.

Abstract: By taking asynchronous cold rolling technique on austenitic high manganese steel (Mn13) specimens, the hardness of Mn13 specimens can increase. The reason for work hardening after asynchronous cold rolling is analyzed in depth by studying the microstructure and electron diffraction pattern. The research will make a contribution to theory and practice of Mn13.

Abstract: Nonradiative transitions (NRTs) are relaxation processes competing with radiative process. In light emitting diodes and room temperature laser devices, NRTs lower the emission efficiency. In order to prohibit these processes, better understanding is practically needed. But nowadays knowledge of NRTs comes from the analyses of the steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectra, which are indirect evidences because of their radiative nature. Here we report a direct detection of nonradiative processes of ZnO nanocrystallines by combination of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) with field-induced photovoltaic spectroscopy (FISPS) methods. In photoacoustic spectrum of ZnO nanocrystals, a main feature centered at 374 nm and a shoulder feature at 441 nm have been recorded. The surface photovoltage spectrum (SPS) displays a main peak at about 364 nm, which is assigned to band-gap transition. And the FISPS spectrum shows a main feature at 380 nm and a pronounced shoulder at 450 nm. The relative energy of the PAS main feature locates at about 0.1 eV lower than that of band-gap, and the relative energy of the PAS main and shoulder features locates at 60 meV higher than that of FISPS main and shoulder features. These energy spaces are in good consistent with the exciton binding energy reported for ZnO nanostructures. Thus we tentatively ascribe the NRTs to the trapping of the photogenerated excitons to the surface states of ZnO nanocrystallines.

Abstract: For increasing heat efficiency and preventing crack resulting in thermal stress, the laws of heating slab must be accurately studied. The thermal stress field distribution in slab heating process is researched, which adopts FEM and bases on the transient non-linear heat analysis theory. The 3500 slab heating model is established in according to the heating technique in mills. The factor of conduction coefficient and specific heat changing with temperature also are considered. The heating process is simulated and the influence laws of furnace temperature and heating rate are drawn, which is very significant in engineering.

Abstract: The ore properties and strengthen separation of bauxite were studied in this paper. The parameters in strengthen separation, such as dosage of collectors, flotation turbulence and inflation etc., were also discussed. With the increase of collector dosage, the recovery of Al₂O₃ increased.,When the collector dosage was 900 g/t, A/S of foam was 7.06 and the recovery was 86.39%. The recovery also increased with the increase of stirring speed. When the speed of agitation mixing impeller reached 1700 r/min, the recovery was 84.56% and A/S of concentrate was 6.71. With the increase of inflation, the number of bubbles increased, the contact opportunities between bubbles and mineral particles increased, and the recovery increased. When the inflation was 0.35 m³/h, the recovery was 85.21% and A/S of foam was 6.71,. With the increase of inflation over 0.35 m³/h, the enhancement of recovery was not limited and the bubble inclusions led to the decrease of recovery of Al₂O₃.

Abstract: "Clean technology and low carbon" is becoming a new trend of energy development worldwide. To speed up Coalbed Methane (CBM) exploration and development is of significant importance to reduce coal mine gas accidents, to protect atmospheric environment and to improve energy structure. Greater efforts have been exerted to CBM development, and three major CBM enterprises emerged. Qinnan, Lu’an and Sanjiao cooperation modes are developed to promote the coordinated development of gas extraction and coal mining. Many exploration and development technologies, tailored for various rank coal methane and for different geological conditions, are developed. Exploring technology, in CBM buried deeper than 800m and in low-rank coal bed methane development, has achieved substantial breakthrough. Moreover, Qinnan, Hancheng, Daning-jixian and Baode four favorable blocks are all adjacent to the major existing pipelines. China is rich in CBM resources, with great potentials and promising prospects, however, two factors of technology and management are still constraining the development of China’s CBM. Based on the analysis of the key factors, four following suggestions are proposed: to adjust strategies based on the resource distribution, to further coordinate governmental policies and entrepreneur performance, to strive to make technological breakthroughs in increasing single well yield and in promoting integrated economic efficiency, to establish a unified information platform to avoid disorderly competition and repeated investment.

Abstract: China is facing ecological revolution now. The basis of the revolution is establishing the ecological consciousness. Different level of ecological consciousness in urban and rural area raised our attention. According to different environment conditions and based on pollution theory, we try to find out the cornerstone of setting ecological consciousness during this changing time. Since China is on the fast urbanization period, environmental awareness change on rural-urban migrants can be this key. This paper focused on which factor(s) have significant effect to ecological consciousness. Urban and Rural residents were interviewed for data collecting, and for deep research, three groups (Urban Residents Group, Rural residents Group and Migrants Group) are split based on responders’ migration experience. In this paper, ANOVA analysis and regression analysis are used. Based on pollution-driven theory, two models are given to compare the explanation strengths between within and without theory variables. We found that pollution experience and relative pollute have important effect on eco-consciousness. So Ecological Consciousness is not straight influenced by environment condition, but people think about the deterioration. We considered that, the cornerstone of setting ecological consciousness is recognizing the crisis and disruption of ecological environment.

Abstract: In this research, the burner used in current industry is modified to improve the state of mixture for air and oil, so that the burning efficiency could be promoted to save fuel as well as reduce emissions of waste gas and waste heat. The way of operating this modified burner was same as the traditional one by inducing the air and oil with high pressure to the furnace, then mixing and burning the compound inside the chamber. Moreover, the construction of this modified burner was a bit different with an extra device call spoiler, which will be fixed in front end of the nozzle to create a turbulent flow for better mixing of inlet air and oil, so as to increase the burning efficiency. As the cone shape spoiler is set up onto the burner, it will seperate the inlet oil and gas inside and outside the cone , when the oil is injected from the nozzle with a high speed flow, the air inside the cone will be brought out and form a low pressure zone, in this time, if some tiny holes are punched on the wall of the cone, the inlet air outside the cone will leak inside and create a turbulent flow, which can improve the mixing condition of oil and gas and gain burning efficiency. As with the standard burner used in industrial furnaces for testing, comparing the average fuel consumption for unit hour and contrast the emissions of burner with and without installing spoiler, one can find that, the energy saving can effectively reach to 15%，while the emissions of NO_x and SO_x were at the utmost reduced by 13% and 9%, respectively. The measured data of CO, CO₂ and waste heat expelling to environment were keeping the same, but actually they were low down when considering the total volume of inlet air diminished by 10%. The above results show that, with the spoiler attached, the burning system will have obvious benefit for energy saving and emissions reducing, and that really fit the goal of nowadays’ situation to live without energy deficit and environment impact.

Abstract: The world is facing a severe crisis of fresh water shortage. Seawater desalination technology is the ideal answer to this crisis. However, the conventional technologies consume too much energy, which greatly restrict their popularization. A method for saltwater desalination is proposed based on high-voltage static electric field eliminating the dissolved ions in saltwater. The desalination function is realized by static high-voltage electric field exerting electric force on the ions in the salt solution to strongly separate the ions of the contrary sign. Three factors were simulated to reveal their effects on the ion distribution or the separation efficiency, including salt concentration, electric field intensity and width of water pipeline. Results shows that the above three factors greatly affect the ion distribution characteristics in the water pipeline. This method is helpful in energy saving for seawater desalination.