Advanced Materials Research Vols. 524-527

Abstract: UV tables, rather than input-output table adopted in most literature, are used to analyze the embodied CO₂ emissions of China in this paper. This method can avoid overestimating the embodied emission coefficients. Based on the assumption of "emissions avoided by imports" (EAI), we calculated China’s emissions embodied within products manufactured domestically (EEP) and those within products consumed domestically (EEC) in 1997,2002 and 2007. The result shows that all of EEP exceeded EEC in the three years. The diffences (EEB) were 575.85, 627.30 and 1834.12 million tons, being 17.15%、17.16% and 27.20% of EEP respectively. It means approximate 1/6~1/4 of per unit CO₂ manufactured in China was consumed “purely” by other countries, also called "carbon leakage". Furthermore,we built a fixed effects model to detect the factors influcing the emission coefficients. It is found that technical progress will be helpful to decrease the coefficients, meanwhile, the total emissions.

Abstract: Studies on comparison of principal factors between CAER (China Actual Environmental Risk) and CZER (China Zero Environmental Risk) from Behavior Angle are seldom found, so we studied the theme above in this thesis. By analysis, we have known that on one hand, there are such aspects in common as natural cause, production action, living action, production waste disposal, and living waste disposal between CAER and CZER. On the other hand, they are different in such aspects as Government surveillance only for CAER, and public management and market management only for CZER. And our related advice is as follows: first, careful protection of natural environment. Secondly strict surveillance on production of waste from such behaviors as enterprise production and human living action by market management, public management, and Government surveillance, etc.. And thirdly great encouragement to arouse interest in technological innovations friendly with the environment in waste disposal, etc..

Abstract: With the rapid development of China's economy, a series of social problems such as energy crisis and global warming gradually have become prominent. In the consumption structure of our country, coal has the leading status. Therefore, achieving low-carbonation development of the coal enterprises is important for the whole society to realize sustainable development. On the basis of elaboration on low- carbon economy meanings and basic elements, this article analyzes the development models, like cleaner production, comprehensive utilization of resources, diversified development, industrial clusters, and low-carbon coal cities and hopes all of this would be useful for reference to China's coal enterprises.

Abstract: Optimization of regional industrial structure is an important matter for the macroeconomic administration. After analyzing the impact factors of regional industrial structure optimization , cooperative game theory is utilized to establish the optimization model of regional industrial structure in this paper. In the model, the players correspond to the different industries, strategies set to different combinations of industries and the utility function of each industry to the composite function of the proportion of added value , labor productivity and environmental pollution. So the problem of industrial structure optimization is transformed to solve the core of the cooperative game. Then Shapley value algorithm is introduced to seek out the core point. A numerial example for Guangxi is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the model.

Abstract: As we enter the 21st Century, various countries in the world are faced with many challenges, such as overpopulation, shortage of resources and environmental deterioration. Developing recycle economy is one of the important ways to realize sustainable development. The purpose of recycle economy is to insure circulation utilization of resources and positive conversion of ecosystem on the premise of keeping economic development. Its mechanism should be "Government instructs, Enterprise acts, Society participates, Markets operate". Enterprise is the subject of economy, so the development of recycle economy must be put into effect in enterprises. In this paper, how to advance enterprise to develop recycle economy by carrying out environmentally friendly manufacturing methods and the relationship between government and enterprise in Game Theory are discussed. The thesis also provides some suggestions for government to promote the development of recycle economy.

Abstract: This paper chooses a land reclamation project of Dadeng sea area, Xiamen as a case, and put emphasis on discussing how to calculate the marine eco-compensation standard of land reclamation from sea based on the losses of ecosystem services. It starts with the classification of coastal ecosystem services and the analysis of adverse impacts caused by the reclamation project, and then builds the relevant valuation models of ecosystem service losses under the above classification framework and estimates the losses of coastal ecosystem services incurred by the project. On the basis of these, the paper puts forward a method for calculating the theoretical compensation standard and applies it to the case study. The results show that, the total loss of ecosystem services caused by the land reclamation project amounts to 40.88 million yuan/a, in which the loss of space resources (i.e. mariculture space) in provisioning services is the largest, amounting to 30.71 million yuan/a, and the loss of per unit sea area is about 4.19 yuan/m2a. The estimated compensation standards are 209.6 yuan/m2 with discounting rate of 2% and 93.2 yuan/m2 with discounting rate of 4.5%, respectively. It is proposed that the compensation amount can be determined through bargaining between compensators and compensation receivers in practice, based on the theoretical compensation standard as well as the compensation receivers’ willingness to accept, the economic level of land reclamation area, and the local cultures et al.

Abstract: PM2.5 pollution causes great health hazards, which will finally result in much economic loss. In China, it is first time to take PM2.5 as a general limitation factor in the revised version of "Ambient Air Quality Standard". In this work, we take Beijing as investigation objective, choose five kinds of typical health impacts, and make rough economic estimation of the potential benefits from the decrease of PM2.5 concentration through the epidemic-doses model in a quantitative point of view. Assuming the PM2.5 pollution is controlled well and satisfies the requirement of Grade 2 and 1 of new standard, 1681 and 2269 million Yuan will be saved in Beijing considering only health aspects. So it is necessary to take PM2.5 into the new ambient air quality standard as a general indicator, which is overall beneficial for environment and economy.

Abstract: This study examines the causal relationship among economic growth, energy consumption and tourism development in Taiwan over the period from 1965 to 2010. Three Principle test results emerge from this study. First, test results indicate a long-run equilibrium relationship and a bi-direction of causality between energy consumption and tourism development with one proxy, number of visitors, being more significant than the other, visitor expenditures. Second, a bi-directional causality between energy consumption and economic growth is observed. Third, test results indicate no reciprocal causal relationship between tourism development and economic growth. From an energy conservation and sustainable tourism point of view, it is suggested policy makers and industry leaders develop high value, high profit tourism products that aim on attracting more visitor expenditures rather than numbers of visitor.

Abstract: This study examines the effect of tourism development on energy consumption, CO₂ and economic growth in China over the period from 1981 to 2010. An extension of ARIMA model was performed to investigate the relationship between variables. Two principle test results emerge from this study. First, increases on visitors may largely give rise to GDP. On the other hand, increase on tourism receipts may result in greater energy consumption and CO₂ emission to some extent as compared to number of visitors. However, the amount of effects from either tourism receipts or number of visitors to energy consumption and CO₂ emission are limited. From an energy conservation and economic growth point of view, the results support the hypothesis of tourism-led economic growth in the China economy with relatively limited increase of energy consumption and CO₂ emission.

Abstract: This paper explores a reasonable ratio-dependent prey-predator system with Holling type II. By applying the Pontryagin's maximal principle, the optimal tax policy is investigated. A simulation is carried out in the end.