Advanced Materials Research Vols. 113-116

Abstract: The objective of this study is to evaluate the economic value of ecosystem services of water tourism resources in Heilongjiang Province, and to provide decision makers a theoretical support in formulation of the tourism resources conservation and development planning. Based on the market value approach, substitution engineering method, and replacement cost method, we evaluated the economic value of ecosystem services of water tourism resources in Heilongjiang Province. Results show that the total economic value of ecosystem services of water tourism resources was 97.05 billion Yuan in 2006. The ranking of various services was water storage＞water supply＞flood mitigation＞culture research＞biodiversity maintenance＞leisure entertainment＞aquatic product＞hydropower＞shipping. The results suggest that water tourism resources exert an indispensable function to support and safeguard the sustainable development, maintain the whole ecosystems health and people’s life and wealth safety in Heilongjiang Province. Therefore, a reasonable water tourism resources plan should be made with emphasis on protecting wetlands, rivers, lakes, and other water body.

Abstract: Considering the defect in the conventional methods for river health evaluation, this paper presents a new method for evaluation based on triangular fuzzy number expected values. At first, we built the grading indicator system of evaluation based on triangular fuzzy numbers. And then, we confirmed the ideal points of all grading using the triangular fuzzy number expected values formula, and build standard decision matrix based on the ideal point and the index value of evaluation object. After that, we determined the weight of each indicator dynamically using entropy coupling method based on AHP-PPC. At last, we calculated the chi-square distance between evaluation object and ideal points, which determined the grade of evaluation object by cluster analysis. The algorithm designing and data computing is achieved easily using computer in the method. It avoids excessive interference from human factors, as can gain experience from specialist. In this way, the result is on the verge of true value. We proved the new method reasonable and handy when applied to evaluate the health of Pengxi River in Yunyang County, Chongqing.

Abstract: Anaerobic sludge were cultured and acclimated by adding different co-metabolism substrates under six operating conditions, using chloroform as model contaminant in an anaerobic environment. The microorganisms obtained with chloroform biodegradability were concentrated and cultured before adding into the simulated decontaminating apparatus. The results showed that the chloroform could be degraded by the microorganisms under the anaerobic condition, and the addition of co-metabolism substrates could improve the biodegradation efficiency. Moreover, the biodegradation efficiency varied with different co-metabolism matrix. The removal efficiency of pollutants could reach 75% using the microorganisms acclimated with glucose and methanol as co-metabolism substrates.

Abstract: The configuration of discharge electrode is closely related to the uniformity and the strength of corona plasma, which has big effect on the efficiency of plasma in destructing pollutants, treating materials and so on. A novel sheet electrode was devised to enhance the input energy and the uniformity of plasma’s distribution, and its production performance of plasma was compared with other discharge electrodes including wire, needle and multi-needles. Corona images and I-V characteristic curves of discharge electrodes indicate that ultra-thin sheet electrode could produce more uniform and stronger corona plasma zone than other electrodes in this paper, which is advantageous for decomposing pollutants, treating material surface and so on. Primary VOCs decomposition experiments were conducted, and the results indicated that the highest energy yield of VOCs decomposition reached 1.8 g (benzene) • (kWh)-1 /3.5 g (toluene) • (kWh)-1.

Abstract: Through the introduction of food chain, our paper analyzed the short and long-term effects that ocean garbage patch provided to ocean environment. We used plastic density, quality of ocean water and the ratio of organisms eating plastic to examine effects of plastic debris. We described effect as a three-dimensional vector and creatively employed the three dimensional coordinate and sphere to explain the effects. Finally, we put forward some feasible measures to relieve the problem.

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of different rates of phosphorus application on vertical transference of P. An aquatic brown paddy soil was filled in organic glass columns using for the leaching experiments. The results indicated that significant vertical transference was found using change of Olsen-P and CaCl2-P. The transference distance was no more than 10cm when P application rate between 200 and 800 kg P ha-1, and was more than 10cm as P application rate above 800 kg P ha-1. We obtained the threshold value of Olsen-P was 53.7 mg kg-1 by split-line model, and calculated that the threshold value of P fertilizer application rate was 382.1 kg P ha-1 by relationship of soil Olsen-P concentration and P application rate. The soil P transference increased, if P application rate was above 382.1 kg P ha-1. It would be helpful for controlling the P fertilizer amount by field to decrease P loss.

Abstract: In this work, an analysis and numerical study have been carried out in order to determine how time lag and decrement factor are affected by wall orientation and exterior surface solar absorptivity for specific climatic conditions in Budongquan station of Qinghai-Tibet railway. The model employing a dynamic thermal-network simulates heat transfer through the wall according to the measured data. The time lag and decrement factor with different wall orientation and surface absorptivity are investigated based on the hourly heat flow density from outside to inside of building wall. The results of present study are useful for reducing the energy load demands by predicting the thermal reaction of building.

Abstract: To investigate the effect of elevated CO2 and O3 on the accumulation of flavonoids in Ginkgo Biloba leaves, four-year-old trees were exposed in open-top chambers with ambient and twice ambient CO2 and O3 concentrations singly and in combination in 2006. The results show that elevated CO2 reduce the concentrations of keampferol aglycon (-10%), isorhamnetin aglycon (-15%). Elevated O3 reduce the concentrations of the isorhamnetin aglycon (-7%), but increase the concentration of quercetin aglycon (+6%). Under elevated CO2 and O3 in combination, O3-derived effects on flavonoids concentrations are changed by elevated CO2, which are similar to that under the elevated CO2 alone. In conclusion, the concentrations of flavonoids are influenced by the changes in leaf dry mass induced by elevated CO2 and elevated O3. Furthermore, some flavonoids may not respond as antioxidant under ozone stress in ginkgo leaves.

Abstract: Enteromorpha clathrata “Green tide” widely broke out at Qingdao nearby sea area in 2007 and 2008. It is imperative for researchers to develop effective ways to make full use of “Green tide” bioresources to protect the environment, Conversion of such macroalgae biomass to bio-oil is regarded as a potential way to solve the ecological crisis coupled with supplying materials for bioenergy industry.The pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of two Enteromorpha clathrata biomass, which are fixed Enteromorpha clathrata, floating Enteromorpha clathrata, were studied with thermogravimetric analysis method. Simultaneously, cornstalk and sawdust were references. The basic pyrolysis characteristics were studied using TG- DTG-DTA curves. The results did show that conversion from Enteromorpha clathrata to bioenergy, which is endowed with promising future, is available, reliable and clean.

Abstract: Using iron filings, activated carbon power and clay as raw materials, the granular iron-carbon micro-electrolysis packing was made by the method of calcination. The influence of initial chlorobenzene (CB) concentration, pH value and reaction temperature on the removal rate of simulated wastewater containing CB were investigated. The results showed that the reaction followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model and the rate constants varied at a relatively low degree at various pH. Temperature is an important parameter and an increase in temperature could significantly raise the reaction rates. The column packed with packing was designed to remove CB in wastewater. After running for 70 days, the packing still had good performance and there was no obvious decrease on the removal rate.