Advanced Materials Research Vols. 236-238

Abstract: Bio oil aqueous two phase systems were formed with ethanol and the salts of (NH₄)₂SO₄, K₂HPO₄ and NaH₂PO₄ in bio oil on the ratio of 10:5:10(by mass). After phase separation, both the upper and the lower layers were analyzed by gas column/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). As a result, both K₂HPO₄/ethanol and NaH₂PO₄/ethanol system can enrich phenols and levoglucosan in the upperand lower layers,respectly, while NaH₂PO₄/ethanol system seldom changes the components of bio oil; the (NH₄)₂SO₄/ethanol system is quit different with the other two and we have detected some components with nitrogen. Hence, NaH₂PO₄/ethanol is an advantage aqueous two phase system for bio oil treatment.

Abstract: Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) was a wildely planted root crop in most area of China and considered as a good feedstock for fuel ethanol production. Very high gravity ethanol fermentation technology exhibited promising industrial application for advantages including productivity improvement, polluted water output reduction and energy consumption saving. In this study very high gravity liquefied sweet potato mash containing 260 g/kg glucose (after fully saccharified) was used for fuel ethanol fermentation. 0.8 g/kg (dry matter weight) was proved as the optimum glucoamylase adding dosage in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Datas analysis indicated that the osmotic pressure was controlled strictly exhibited by high growth rate of yeast and high rate of ethanol formation comparing with other dosages, and 119.78 g/kg (15.07 %, v/v) ethanol equivalent to 90.16 % of theoretical yield was achieved in 64 hours.

Abstract: In this paper, the correlations between the cleavage degree of disulfide bonds and soy protein surface activity had been studied in order to show the surface activity of soy protein. The disulfide bonds of soy protein were oxidized to sulfonic groups by performic acid. The distribution of polar and nonpolar groups, and the molecular structure of soy protein were changed because of the oxidation damage of disulfide bonds, and these changes led to changes in surface activity of soy protein. The results showed that the emulsifying property of soy protein was improved by oxidizing the disulfide bonds of protein compared with that of natural soy protein. The change of soy protein emulsifying property is closely related with the degree of the disulfide bond oxidation damage,and that was also an effective way to prepare the protein-based surfactant.

Abstract: For a distillation column under practical operation, the reflux ratio, feed location, flowrate of the top or bottom products are all very important parameters. Using the process simulation package ASPEN PLUS to solve mass balance, heat balance and phase equilibrium equations of a distillation column, the relationships between feed location and content of key components, feed location and heat loads, reflux ratio and content of key components, reflux ratio and heat loads, flowrate of the top product and content of key components, and flowrate of the top product and heat loads, can be determined. With the specifications for the content of key components as constraints, the optimal feed location, reflux ratio and flowrate of the top product can be determined. The o-xylene (OX) column in a xylene plant is optimized as a case study in this paper. Under the optimal conditions the heating utility for the reboiler can be reduced by 20%, OX can be produced by 0.8% more, and operating cost can be reduced by 2,336,000 yuan per year.

Abstract: Air pressure amplitude serves as a critical control parameter in periodic pressure solid state fermentation process. Effects of air pressure amplitudes on thermostable xylanase production by Thermomyces lanuginosus SD-21 were investigated. Under the optimum periodic pressure amplitude, namely: at lower limit of 0.05 MPa and upper limit of 1.5 MPa. Among the lignocellulosic substrates tested, corn cob and wheat bran supported a high xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) secretion by Humicola lanuginosa in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Enzyme production reached a peak in 96 h followed by a decline thereafter. Enzyme production was very high, xylanase activity 8237 IU /g of dry moldy bran can be obtained in the system compared with 4520 IU/g in conventional tray fermenter, cultivation of the mold in large enamel trays yielded a xylanase titer comparable with that in flasks. Parametric optimization resulted in a 45.13% increase in enzyme production in PPSSF.

Abstract: Biomass is renewable and carbon neutral. Biochar, derived from the carbonization of biomass, is a kind of solid fuel with excellent properties. Utilization of biomass in ironmaking process as heating agent and reducing agent contributes to energy conservation and emission reduction, and can partially replace for coal and coke. Research status of the utilization of biomass in ironmaking process is discussed. Application prospects of biomass energy in ironmaking process are analyzed, and a novel bioenergy auxiliary ironmaking system is suggested, which is meaningful for the effective use of biomass and for decreasing the consumption of fossil fuels, namely metallurgical coal and coke.

Abstract: The collagen was blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with the maximum maintenance of the natural structure as precondition. The apparent viscosity and rheology property of PVA-collagen blended solution were studied. the mechanical properties of the blend membrane formed from PVA-collagen blended solution were also determined. The PVA-collagen blended solution was wet spinned with the sodium sulfate as coagulant to prepare PVA-collagen composite fibers. SEM analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis of the PVA-collagen composite fibers were studied. The results indicated that, blended with PVA, the spinning property and mechanical properties of collagen were improved. The figure of the aim fiber transect structure was similar as the kidney, and it had a uniform size. The crystallization degree of the fiber was 55.7%, and it was increased with the increase of the hot extending temperature and the extending ratio.

Abstract: Ionic liquid, 1-(2-hydroxylethyl)-3-ethylene imidazolium chloride ([HeVIM]Cl) was synthesized and its chemical structures was examined by FTIR and ¹HNMR. Fir powder was extracted with a mixture of benzene/ethanol or activated with 25% (mass fraction) NaOH under normal temperature and pressure, microwave and high pressure. Dissolution of the pretreated wood powder in [HeVIM]Cl by microwave (90°C, 400w) was studied. The results showed that the ionic liquid [HeVIM]Cl exhibited a good solubility. Wood powder pretreated with 25% NaOH under high pressure had the lowest crystallinity (2.4%) and the highest dissolution rate (21.6%).

Abstract: Liquid ammonia treatment can improve the properties of a hemp fiber and widen its application in textiles. This study investigated the effects of different ways of NH₃ removal on the fine structure and properties of hemp fibers, including thermal property and dyeing behaviour. It was found that, of the three ways of ammonia removal, removal of ammonia with glacial acetic acid resulted in the highest transition of cellulose Ⅰinto cellulose Ⅲ and removal ammonia with water resulted in the lowest transition of cellulose Ⅰinto cellulose Ⅲ. Removal of ammonia with water also resulted in better thermal stability and higher dye uptake than the other ways of ammonia removal. Of the three ways of ammonia removal, removal of ammonia by evaporation resulted in the lowest dye uptake.

Abstract: Dry anaerobic co-digestion of animal manure and straw was conducted to produce biogas. Startup characteristics and biogas production perform of dry digestion were studied, and the effect of operation temperature and incubation amount on dry digestion was also investigated. The study result showed that under the conditions of C/N=25-30, TS=20% and T=(36±1) °C,dry digestion can start up quickly with acclimated thickening sludge as incubation sludge. Compared to dry digestion of chicken manure and pig manure, dry digestion of cow manure proceeded steadily with high biogas yield. It is found that incubation is necessary in the process of dry digestion and biogas yield increases with more incubation amount. The appreciate incubation ratio is about 10%. Temperature change has apparent effect on biogas production, and it is suggested that mesophilic temperature should be chosen in the scaled project of dry digestion.