Advanced Materials Research Vols. 524-527

Abstract: Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the main cereals as a source of food, forage and processed products for industry, especially for feeds. However, in worldwide approximately 25% of crops are affected by mycotoxins annually, especially in feeds with fumonisins(FUM). Moreover, the exact mechanism of FUM toxicity is not completely established. This paper gives an overview about the occurrence, toxicity, rapid non-invasive analysis, and detoxification of FUM in maize and its feeds. Due to economic losses engendered by FUM and its impact on animal and human health, several strategies for detecting mycotoxins with non-invasive methods and detoxifying contaminated feeds have been described.

Abstract: A lot of studies were done on the base material of drug carriers: liposome, protein microsphere, glutin and high polymer microsphere were all of shortages, but starch has much superiority as the drug carrier. The paper embarked from the analysis the chemical and physical properties of potato starch. According as the characteristic of long chain molecules of potato starch forming microcrystal bundle via inter-molecules hydrogen association under room temperature, which disintegrated in water solution as temperature rising, the better levels of factors, such as gelatinization temperature, gelatinization time, volume of water, pH, according to viscosity of starch gelatinization were select firstly. A W/O reverse emulsion was obtained by dispersing the starch gelatinization into the oil. The effect of emulsifier, evocating agent, crosslinker, crosslinking temperature, and crosslinking time was investigated. An orthogonal experiment of L₂₇ (3¹³) was designed to identify the main factors affecting them. In light of range analysis, the comparative importance of factors impacting drug loading was obtained, separately. The effects of parameters were studied using analysis of variance. The results showed that the effective factor to control drug loading were the amount of starch, the volume of water, pH, crosslinking time and the amount of evocating agent, whereas the influences of other factors on drug loading were not significant. In addition, the structure of N, N-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) crosslinked potato starch microsphere (CPSM) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer and Scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Abstract: The objection of the study was to evaluate the ability of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict starch concentration in relation to hydrochloric acid polarimetry analytical methods. The study comprised 131 flour samples which were collected in Zhengzhou market and scanned using FOSS NIRS analyzer in reflectance mode (570-1100nm). The calibration models were developed by using WinISIⅡversion1.5 software on the basis of whole and structural sample sets (n=131and n=102, respectively). The quality of models was assessed by SEC, R2, SECV, 1-VR. In order to remove the irrelevant information of the spectra we use different scatter and mathematical methods to pre-treat spectra and then build models by using the modified partial least squares. After comparing the performance of the models the best pretreatment method for the whole sample set was weighted MSC and mathematical treatment (4, 4, 3, 2), the most suitable pretreatment method for the structural sample set was weighted MSC and mathematical treatment (0, 15, 13, 3).Under the aim of removing non-relevant spectral regions, the models were developed under different regions (570-658nm, 660-746nm, 748-834nm, 836-922nm, 924-1010nm, 1012-1098nm, respectively) and the results showed that the starch information was distributed in the whole spectral region. Models developed for the whole sample set by using the different modeling methods were characterized by SEC ranged from 0.9671 to 1.2819, SECV ranged from 0.1877 to 1.1945, R2 ranged from 0.8422 to 0.8859, 1-VR ranged from 0.8238 to 0.9951 and RPD ranged from 2.3880 to 15.9126, respectively. Models developed for the structured sample set by using the different modeling methods were characterized by SEC ranged from 0.8365 to 1.0452, SECV ranged from 0.2755 to 1.0438, R2 ranged from 0.8638 to 0.9168, 1-VR ranged from 0.8680 to 0.9852 and RPD ranged from 2.7639 to 10.2802, respectively. Using the validation set to examine the prediction ability of the models built by using structured sample set, the results show that it is possible to prediction starch content by NIRS method corresponding to starch content determined by the polarimetry analytical methods. NIRS method offers great advantages for the on-line application, however, its prediction on ability is limited by the referent methods and this should be taken into account.

Abstract: Leaf senescence is the final stage of plant development. Senescence also is a complex and highly regulated process that involves a decline in photosynthesis, dismantling of chloroplasts, and degradation of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. This review mainly introduces the process of leaf senescence through leaf senescence pathway in three parts: initiation, degeneration, and terminal. To sort out the tobacco-related genes change that show increased or decreased expression during the leaf senescence. Moreover, endogenous hormones, such as cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, play the vital role during the leaf senescence. At the same time, many protein degradation, chlorophyll breakdown, and nigtrogen remobilization in the regulation of senescence are discussed.

Abstract: Flour quality plays a basic role in the process of making baked goods. This article outlines the influence and relevant correlation of flour quality in the baked goods and has a great significance to raise the level of baked goods processing.

Abstract: In our study, we tried to extend the preservative time of vegetables, and fruits to use the ethylene absorbent method, and the plasma reaction method to decrease the ethylene content of the conditions of the storage tank. In experimentation, we discovered that banana will release ethylene, and banana will be accelerated the ripening, when the ethylene was present. The ripening rate was equal to the ethylene production rate, that was a first order functional relationship of the ethylene concentration, γe=0.21C. The ethylene absorbent in the two experimental groups had removed indeed the ethylene, and had an effecting to keep fresh of the banana. In our plasma experimentation, we found that logarithmic value of the ethylene concentration(C) was direct proportion to the reaction time, and the ethylene reaction rate rp = -22.6C. In our study, the banana weight of each run of our experiment was 420 gram, and our plasma reactor can handle 45 kilogram banana because the │rp│is nearly 107 times of │re│.

Abstract: Spirulina platensis was mixed with ethanol at a ratio of 1:10 (w v-1) for 24 h to yield ethanol extract. An orthogonal design was performed at three different temperatures (40, 50 and 60oC), three different pressure levels (10, 20 and 30 MPa) and three different flow rate of Spirulina extract liquor (1, 2 and 3 ml min-1). The carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) flow rate was maintained at 6 ml min-1. The highest selectivity of phenols and polysaccharides occurred at the operation temperature 60oC and pressure 30 MPa. Extract was also fractionated using SC-CO2 under the following operating conditions: 60oC and a pressure of 30, 15, 10 or 5 MPa into residual (R), F1, F2, or F3 fractions, respectively. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds was obtained in F3 fraction and the highest concentration of total polysaccharides was retained in R. F3 fraction contained the highest levels of total phenol contents and thus exhibited the greatest antioxidant ability.

Abstract: Organic farming is a good way to reduce environmental pollution. However, no related detection of fertilizer applications, which are extremely important in organic farming, exists. The δ¹⁵N value of chemical fertilizer (–3.8 to +2‰) is far lower than compost (>+10‰). Thus, natural ¹⁵N abundance (δ¹⁵N) in leaves and fruits may be used to reveal the application of N fertilizer. In this experiment, six treatments were laid out: 635 g (C1), 952 g (C2), and 1270 g (C3) of compost were applied as basal fertilizer in each pot. Alternately, 10.7 g (U1), 16 g (U2), and 21.3 g (U3) of urea were applied as basal fertilizer and 10.7 g (U1), 16 g (U2), and 21.3 g (U3) urea were applied as top-dressing, respectively, in each pot. C1 and U1, C2 and U2, and C3 and U3 had equal amounts of nitrogen fertilization. In all three fertilizer levels, the leaves and fruits sampled from the U group had significantly lower values than those sampled from the C group within the same period. The δ¹⁵N values of the leaves and fruits from the C group decreased slowly. The δ¹⁵N values of leaves sampled at 40 days after transplanting were fairly low. The δ¹⁵N values of leaves and fruits from the U group increased initially, due to the small amounts of urea left, which then led the plants to absorb N from the culture substrates. However, the δ15N values of leaves and fruits from the U group decreased rapidly after the top-dressing was applied, where the minimum values occurred during the final stage.

Abstract: To assess the fermentation quality of mixed silage with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis leyss), they were mixed and ensiled in different proportions (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 respectively). 15 bag silos were prepared for each treatment and three bag silos per treatment were randomly opened after 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of ensiling and the contents were processed for quality assessment and laboratory analysis. Results indicated as follows, (1) compared with alfalfa silage (0:100), all treatments improved fermentation quality and attained lower pH. The 100:0 treatment had the lowest (P10 cfu/g fresh material) varied from 7.8 to 9.2., while that of the 100:0 and 75:25 treatments kept the highest (P<0.05) level during almost all ensiling periods. No yeast was detected in all silages after 14 days of post-ensiling and mold was below detected level at all ensiling periods. All the results indicated that the 100:0 and 75:25 treatments tended to have the best fermentation quality in this study. Overall, increasing proportions of bromegrass in the mixed silage could improve the fermentation quality.

Abstract: The flower essential oil in Elaeagnus lanceolata Warb. apud Diels flowers is extracted by water-steaming method. The extraction rate is 0.53%. The chemical compositions of the essential oil have been identified with the optimum separating and analyzing conditions by means of the GC-MS. The result shows 31 compounds are separated. The represention rate of total essential oil is 83.9％. The major chemical compositions of essential oil in Elaeagnus lanceolata Warb. apud Diels are octyl 4-methoxycinnamate，pelargonic acid , linoleic acid , palmitic acid , Germacrene D，hydrocarbon etc.