Superplasticity in Advanced Materials - ICSAM 2006
Vols. 551-552
Vols. 551-552
Fundamentals of Deformation and Annealing
Vol. 550
Vol. 550
Progress in Light Metals, Aerospace Materials and Superconductors
Vols. 546-549
Vols. 546-549
Eco-Materials Processing and Design VIII
Vols. 544-545
Vols. 544-545
THERMEC 2006
Vols. 539-543
Vols. 539-543
Materials Science, Testing and Informatics III
Vols. 537-538
Vols. 537-538
Progress in Powder Metallurgy
Vols. 534-536
Vols. 534-536
Advances in Materials Manufacturing Science and Technology II
Vols. 532-533
Vols. 532-533
Advanced Powder Technology V
Vols. 530-531
Vols. 530-531
Silicon Carbide and Related Materials 2005
Vols. 527-529
Vols. 527-529
Advances in Materials Processing Technologies, 2006
Vol. 526
Vol. 526
Residual Stresses VII, ECRS7
Vols. 524-525
Vols. 524-525
High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion 2005
Vols. 522-523
Vols. 522-523
Progress in Powder Metallurgy
Volumes 534-536
Paper Title Page
Abstract: This work presents mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless
steels obtained through powder metallurgy starting from austenitic X2CrNiMo17-12-2 (AISI 316L),
martensitic X6Cr13 (AISI 410L) powders by controlled addition of alloying elements in the proper
quantity to obtain the chemical composition of the structure similar to biphasic one. In the mixes
preparations the Schaffler’s diagram was taken into consideration. Prepared mixes of powders have
been sintered in a vacuum furnace with argon backfilling. After sintering rapid cooling was applied
using nitrogen. Produced duplex stainless steels have been studied by SEM with EDS and light
optical microscopy (LOM) and X-rays analysis to determine obtained structures. Corrosion
properties have been studied through electrochemical methods in 1M NaCl.
721
Abstract: This paper investigates the possibilities of niobium using for the mechanical properties of
the common low alloyed Cu-Ni-Mo-C structural sintered steels enhancing by a similar technique
with that used in the classical HSLA steels obtaining. For this purpose, both thermodynamic and
experimental investigations were carried out, their results showing that the added Nb to these steels
form at sintering in a nitrogen containing atmosphere, rather then the other alloying elements,
carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides. They are solved in austenite and precipitate at the sintered steels
cooling / artificial aging, forming precipitates of an expected strengthening effect. The results for
0.2 ÷ 1.0 % fine Nb powder and 0.3 % graphite additions to Distaloy AB powder cold compacted
and sintered in dissociated ammonia proved that such a strengthening effect, which leads to higher
mechanical properties of the processed steels than of the Cu-Ni-Mo-C ones, can be achieved.
725
Abstract: Stainless steel has become increasingly used in the nuclear industry recently. Thus, this
study is aimed at investigating stainless steel 316L with boron addition and the possibility of sinter
these materials in nitrogen rich atmospheres. By analyzing the final product, the properties of the
stainless steel 316L (good mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance) with the boron
neutron absorption properties were found to unify. The P/M technologies enable higher boron
quantities to be added to the steel. This was not possible with the solidification conventional
technologies, as segregation is produced in the latter.
Mixtures with 0.75 and 1.5% boron were prepared. Uniaxial compaction (at 700 MPa) was
carried out to study the green density of compacted materials. The sintering atmosphere used was
N2-10%H2-0.1%CH4, and was used to form boron nitrides instead of chromium nitrides. Although
some boron nitride was formed, not all chromium nitride formation was avoided.
The sintered samples were characterized through their physical properties (density and
dimensional change), chemical analysis (carbon and nitrogen contents), mechanical behavior
(bending strength and hardness) and wear behavior. To finish the materials characterization, a
microstructural study is proposed. Lastly, the wear tracks were observed by SEM. Boron nitride has
precipitated in grain boundaries, making more difficult the sintering of the material and reducing
the properties of the stainless steel.
733
Abstract: Powder metallurgy processing of steels typically results in a material characterized by
residual porosity, whose dimension and morphology, together with the microstructure, strongly
affect the fatigue crack growth behaviour of the material. Prismatic specimens were pressed at 7.0
g/cm3 density from Astaloy CrM powder and sintered in different conditions, varying the sintering
temperature and the cooling rate after sintering. Optical observations allowed to evaluate the
dimensions and the morphology of the porosity and the microstructural characteristics for all the
investigated conditions. Fatigue tests were performed at R-ratio equal to 0.1 to investigate the
threshold zone and to calculate the Paris law coefficients. All the tests were carried out according
with the compliance method, and the crack length has been evaluated during whole the test.
Moreover KIc tests were performed in order to complete the investigation. Both on fatigue and KIc
samples a fractographic analysis was carried out to investigate the crack path and the fracture
surface features. The results show that the Paris law crack growth exponent is around 6.0 for
1120°C sintered and around 4.7 for 1250°C sintered materials. The same dependence to process
parameters is not found for KIth. Values close to 6 MPa√m are here found for all variants.
737
Abstract: Tensile stress-strain and dynamic acoustic resonance tests were performed on Fe-C-Ni-
Cu-Mo high-strength steels, characterized by a heterogeneous matrix microstructure and the
prevalence of open porosity. All materials display the first yielding phenomenon and, successively,
a continuous yielding behavior. This flow behavior can be described by the Ludwigson equation
and developes through three stages: the onset of localized plastic deformation at the pore edges; the
evolution of plastic deformation at the pore necks (where the austenitic Ni-rich phase is
predominant); the spreading of plastic deformation in the interior of the matrix. The analytical
modeling of the strain hardening behavior made it possible to obtain the boundaries between the
different deformation stages.
741
Abstract: The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of Alloy 600 MA, Alloy 600 TT, Alloy
800, and Alloy 690 TT were investigated in a deaerated 0.01 M solution of sodium tetrathionate
using reverse u-bend test samples at 340 °C. The results showed that SCC occurred in all alloys,
excluding Alloy 690 TT. The SCC susceptibility of the alloys increased in the following order:
Alloy 690 TT, Alloy 800, Alloy 600 TT, and Alloy 600 MA. The SCC susceptibility decreased with
an increase in the chromium content of the alloys. The results of the deposits and spectra taken from
an energy dispersive X-ray system confirmed the existence of a reduced sulfur causing SCC.
745
Abstract: The influence of porosity (P) on Young’s modulus (E) and Poisson’s ratio (υ) of sintered
steels produced from four types of steel powders were investigated. The values of E and υ depends
mainly on the value of P, and those were a little affected by alloying elements. The relationship
between compacting pressure (CP) and P and the relationships between E, υ, and P were described
as following equations:
P = P1 + P2 exp(- CP / P3), E = E0 (1 - kEP)2, and υ = (υ0 - υsub)(1 - kυP)2 + υsub, where subscript 0
means P = 0, and P1 - 3, kE, kυ and υsub were empirical constants. It was clarified that if powder and
sintering temperature is defined, the elastic moduli of sintered steel can be calculated as a function
of compacting pressure.
749
Abstract: The effect of chemical composition of the sintering atmosphere on the density, microstructure
and mechanical properties of Fe-3%Mn-(Cr)-(Mo)-0.3%C is described. Pre-alloyed Astaloy
CrM and CrL, ferromanganese and graphite powders were the starting powders. Following the
pressing in rigid dies, compacts (green density approx. 6.8-7.1 g/cm3) were sintered at 1120 and
1250°C in atmospheres with different H2 and N2 content. The dew point of the sintering atmospheres
was below -60°C. Subsequently samples were furnace cooled to room temperature.
Tensile and transverse rupture strengths, elongation, R0.2 yield offset, impact toughness and apparent
surface hardness were examined. Following the mechanical tests, to investigate microstructure
optical microscopy was employed.
As the results show, sintering in nitrogen-rich atmospheres allow to achieve comparable properties
of the specimens with those of the specimens sintered in hydrogen-rich atmosphere. It means
that it is possible to produce sintered Fe-Mn-Cr-Mo-C PM steels in safe and cheaper nitrogen-rich
atmosphere.
753
Abstract: The effect of different cooling rate after sintering Mn steels at 1120°C and 1250°C by
adding Cr and Mo was investigated. Pre-alloyed Astaloy CrM and CrL, ferromanganese and graphite
powders were used as the starting powders. Pressing was carried out in steel rigid dies to achieve
the same density in the range of 6.8-7.2 g/cm3. During pressing rectangular and ISO 2740 specimens
were prepared. Then, green compacts were sintered at 1120°C and 1250°C for 60 minutes in
atmosphere with different H2/N2 content and cooled at a cooling rate 1.4°C/min (slow, furnace cooling)
and 65°C/min (convective cooling). Convecitve cooled specimens were subsequently tempered
at 200°C for 60 and 240 minutes. To investigate the mechanical properties: UTS, elongation A, R0.2
yield offset, TRS, impact toughness IT and hardness measurements results were examined. After
the mechanical examination, the microstructure of Fe-Mn-Cr-Mo-C PM steels were studied by optical
microscopy.
757