Advanced Materials Research Vols. 183-185

Abstract: This paper discussed the subject of the environmental compensation, including the funds providers, and compensation object. The environmental compensation must be a process that matter and energy transfers from the economic system to the environmental system reciprocally and compensatorily, through the funds providers provide funds, intermediaries take the specific measure for environmental restoration. It will be emphasized that the compensation object should be the environment rather than the person owning property rights of environmental resources.

Abstract: In accordance with weakness of traditional biomass models in which the sum of the above- and below-ground tree components was not equal to the whole tree, compatible biomass equations were developed for the above- and below-ground tree components of 11 kinds of tree species in Heilongjiang Province. The data used to develop biomass models are from 299 trees that were collected from 69 sample plots, and represented a wide range of stand and site conditions in Heilongjiang Province. Based on the total biomass model as restrictions, the compatible tree biomass equations for each component (stems, branches, foliages, and roots) were separately established by considering diameter at breast height (D) as independent variables in the form of simultaneous equations with measure error of independent variables. The evaluation and validation procedures for tree biomass models were performed by using the following statistical criterions: the coefficient of determination (R²), sum square of error (SEE), Mean Bias (MB), and Mean Absolute Bias (MAB). The results showed that although parameter estimation accuracy of compatible biomass equations was not better than traditional biomass models, the compatible biomass equations could effectively overcome the weakness of un-compatible of traditional biomass models.

Abstract: With rapid development of sauce industry, the production of the sauce is increasing in recent years. The sauce wastewater is doing greater harm to the water environment in China. In order to tackle this problem, the influent COD concentration influence on nitrogen variation of sauce wastewater was investigated. The results showed that the influent COD has a different effect for ammonia nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate. When the influent COD concentration was 600mg/L, 500mg and 300mg/L respectively, the effluent ammonia nitrogen was at 4.3mg/L, 1.8mg/L and 1.0mg/L. And the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency was more than 90%. Meanwhile the nitrate and nitrite accumulated steadily with the same variation tendency.

Abstract: A total 408 SSRs were distributed in 18,181 ESTs sequences in Pinaceae in NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) searched by SSRIT software, accounting for 2.24% of the whole EST sequences. We designed 132 pairs of EST-SSR primers by primer3. Of the designed 132 pairs, 29 pairs were able to produce an amplification product in the 10 Pinus koraiensis DNA samples, but only five primers in the 29 pairs exhibited polymorphism. Dinucleotide repeats were the most common repeat class. The repeated primitives of dinucleotide were 10, accounting for 52.73% of the whole repeated primitives; the repeat numbers were 87. The second most common repeat class was trinucleotide. The repeated primitives of trinucleotide were 27, accounting for 42.27% of the whole repeated primitives, and repeat numbers were 78.

Abstract: The water resource in Linyi city has the characteristics of big inter-annual and annual change and uneven geographical distribution, but is relatively the abundant area in Shandong province. The surface water is highly developed and utilized but the underground water is not sufficiently developed and utilized. The strategies and measures for reasonable development and utilization, such as reinforcing the awareness of water saving, developing new water resources, adding matched facilities, reusing water, etc., are proposed. Linyi city is in the southeast of Shandong province, and is located among 117°25′~119°11′E，34°17′~36°23′N. It comprises three urban districts of Lanshan, Luozhuang and Hedong and 9 counties of Tancheng, Cangshan, Junan, Yishui, Mengyin, Pingyi, Feixian, Yinan and Linshu. Its total area is 17185km², and is the largest city in Shandong province.

Abstract: Alginate microspheres prepared by internal gelation were chosen as carrier for a model microbial larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), owing non-toxicity of the polymers and mild conditions of the method. The coated colloids were characterized using optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photostabilization of unencapsulated and encapsulated Bt powders when exposed to ultraviolet light was evaluated. The effect of the Bt-loaded alginate microspheres on the biology and mortality of Martianus dermestoides was investigated in the laboratory. The results showed that Bt-loaded alginate microspheres which were obtained by association had a mean length of 135.8 ± 15.8 µm. The photolysis experiments demonstrated that the UV light-induced decomposition of Bt was markedly decreased by encapsulation into microspheres. Therefore, it can be considered an effective system to enhance the photostability of Bt. Increased persistence against high temperature was also observed. Toxicity of the novel Bt-loaded alginate microsphere insecticide was higher in the adult stage compared to the unencapsulated Bt as indicated by the lower LC₅₀ value.

Abstract: With rapid development of food industry, the production of soybean sauce is increasing in recent years. The sauce wastewater is doing greater and greater harm to the water environment. In order to tackle this problem, the operation time on the sauce wastewater treatment were investigated. The results showed that the process has a better effect for ammonia nitrogen, the orthophosphate and COD removal. The effluent ammonia nitrogen was less than 5mg/L and the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency could reach about 90% with the aeration time 2 h-3.5 h. The orthophosphate increased during the anoxic stage while decreased during the aerobic stage. At the end of the aerobic stage, the orthophosphate concentration and the COD could reach about 1mg/L and 21 mg/L respectively when aeration time was 2 h-3.5 h. The better operation time (the aeration time) was at 2 h-3.5 h and the system could get a good water quality for sauce wastewater treatment.

Abstract: This article studied the problems of the low juice yield during the process of fermentation and the problems of sedimentation and brown during the period of storage, got the optimum technological conditions of fermentation: the amount of pectase is 0.25%, the amount of cellulose is 0.25%, the time and the temperature of zymohydrolysis are four hours and 40°C respectively. Adding 6% of diatomite and 0.1% of PVPP sorbents after zymohydrolysis, then filtering and clarifying after 2h’s static placing.

Abstract: In order to determine the content of nitrogen in culture medium at different culture time and compare the nitrogen use efficiency of various plantlets in vitro, near infrared spectroscopy technique and image analysis technique with multi-references were used to obtain the successive information of nitrogen consumption. The models between spectral information and nitrogen content in the medium were established via the partial least squares method together with artificial neural networks. They were used to predict the content of nitrogen in nine test samples. The result showed that the nitrogen use efficiency of incised leaf-type Atractylodes lancea was higher than that of long lanceolate leaf-type, and that of Orychophragmus violaceus was lower than that of Brassica napus. It suggested that the physiological function of the incised Atractylodes lancea was better than that of the long lanceolate.

Abstract: Due to increasing water scarcity, appropriate technologies were need for advanced treatment of wastewater to enable reuse. Effect of iron-carbon internal electrolysis in tertiary treatment of wastewater was investigated in this study. Static experiment was adopted to evaluate influence of Fe/C ratio, pH, reaction time and aeration on pollutant removal by iron-carbon internal electrolysis. Then dynamic experiment was conducted to determine removal rate of CODcr, TP, chroma and NO₃^--N. The results showed that internal electrolysis could remove COD_cr, TP and chroma efficiently. The optimal ratio of Fe/C was 1:1. Initial pH could affect removal efficiency. In acid circumstance, the removal rate was higher. Degradation reaction by internal electrolysis was fast. when the reaction time was 10min, the removal rate could be ideal. In the process of internal electrolysis, aeration could increase pollutant removal rate. In aerated system, when the reaction time was only 15min, removal rate of COD_cr, TP and chroma could reach 49.2%, 89% and 75%. But in non-aerated system, only when the reaction time was 100min could removal rate of these indexes reach 46.5%, 81% and 85.1%. In dynamic experiment, removal rate of COD_cr, TP, chroma and NO₃- could reach above 40%, 90%, 75% and 20%, respectively.